Diversity, distribution and host plants of armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in Espírito Santo, Brazil

Martins, David dos Santos; Wolff, Vera Regina dos Santos; Culik, Mark Paul; Santos, Beatriz Crisostomo dos; Fornazier, Maurício José; Ventura, José Aires

doi:10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2021-1248

Abstract:

Armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), are phytophagous species that occur in major biogeographic regions of the world. Because of the importance of diaspidids as pests, there is widespread interest in countries that export and import unprocessed agricultural products in increased knowledge of this group which includes invasive and quarantine pests of great economic concern. The diversity, geographic distribution, and host of diaspidids were studied from November 2002 to December 2018 in 34 municipalities in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Forty species of Diaspididae from 27 genera were collected and identified. The species Acutaspis perseae (Comstock), A. umbonifera (Newstead), Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), Comstockaspis perniciosa (Comstock), Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman), Lepidosaphes gloverii (Packard), Morganella longispina (Morgan), Mycetaspis apicata (Newstead), and Thysanofiorinia nephelii (Maskel) were found for the first time in Espírito Santo. The plant families Myrtaceae, Moraceae, Arecaceae, Asparagaceae, and Rutaceae had the greatest number of host plant species of armored scale. Fifty-seven new host associations were observed for 25 species of diaspidids and 11 diaspidid species were recorded for the first time from nine families of plants. Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan) was the most polyphagous species observed with 17 host plant species from 12 families, followed by Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis (Green), and Parlatoria proteus (Curtis). With these new records, 41 species and 28 genera of Diaspididae have been recorded in Espírito Santo.

Keywords:
Hemiptera; Diaspidids; Quarantine; Biodiversity; Biogeography

Resumo:

As cochonilhas escama (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), são espécies fitófagas que ocorrem nas principais regiões biogeográficas do mundo. Devido à importância dos diaspidídeos como pragas, existe um amplo interesse nos países que exportam e importam produtos agrícolas não processados no aumento do conhecimento desse grupo, o que inclui pragas invasoras e quarentenárias de grande importância econômica. A diversidade, distribuição geográfica e hospedeiros de diaspidídeos foram estudadas de novembro de 2002 a dezembro de 2018 em 34 municípios do estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil. Quarenta espécies de Diaspididae de 27 gêneros foram coletadas e identificadas. As espécies Acutaspis perseae (Comstock), A. umbonifera (Newstead), Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), Comstockaspis perniciosa (Comstock), Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman), Lepidosaphes gloverii (Packard), Morganella longispina (Morgan), Mycetaspis apicata (Newstead) e Thysanofiorinia nephelii (Maskel) foram encontradas pela primeira vez no Espírito Santo. Cinquenta e sete novas associações de hospedeiros foram observadas, em um total de 25 espécies de diaspidídeos; estes incluem 13 novos registros de famílias em um total de 11 espécies de diaspidídeos e nove famílias de plantas. Myrtaceae, Moraceae e Arecaceae foram as famílias botânicas com o maior número de espécies de diaspidídeos observadas. Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan) foi a espécie mais polífaga, com 17 espécies de plantas hospedeiras de 12 famílias observadas, seguida por Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis (Green) e Parlatoria proteus (Curtis). Com esses novos registros, 41 espécies e 28 gêneros de Diaspididae foram registrados no Espírito Santo.

Palavras-chave:
Hemiptera; Diaspididae; Cochonilhas; Quarentena; Biodiversidade

Introduction

Among scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) the family Diaspididae has the greatest number of described species, with 2,643 species in 422 genera (García Morales et al. 2016GARCÍA MORALES, M., DENNO, B.D., MILLER, D.R., MILLER, G.L., BEN-DOV, Y. & HARDY, N.B. 2016. ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. Doi: 10.1093/database/bav118. 2016. http://scalenet.info (last access on 28/05/2021).
http://scalenet.info... ). Members of the Diaspididae, commonly known as diaspidids or armored scale insects, occur in all major world biogeographic regions; however, the number of species of Diaspididae known in the Neotropical region is lower than in other major regions (García Morales et al. 2016GARCÍA MORALES, M., DENNO, B.D., MILLER, D.R., MILLER, G.L., BEN-DOV, Y. & HARDY, N.B. 2016. ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. Doi: 10.1093/database/bav118. 2016. http://scalenet.info (last access on 28/05/2021).
http://scalenet.info... ). Diaspidids are phytophagous insects that feed on a great variety of plants grown for agricultural production including food, timber, and ornamentals, as well as wild, noncultivated species (Watson 2020WATSON, G.W. 2020. Arrthropods of economic importance: Diaspididae of the world. (Series Title: World biodiversity database). ETI Information Services (Expert Center for Taxonomic Identification) Amsterdam, Netherlands. https://diaspididae.linnaeus.naturalis.nl/linnaeus_ng/app/views/introduction/topic.php?id=3377&epi=155 (last access on 15/07/2020).
https://diaspididae.linnaeus.naturalis.n... ). This group includes pests of great economic importance, including invasive and quarantine species that inhibit international commerce of agricultural products (Miller et al. 2005MILLER, D.R., MILLER, G.L., HODGES, G.S. & DAVIDSON, J.A. 2005. Introduced scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the United States and their impact on US agriculture. P Entomol Soc Wash. 107(1): 123-158.). Therefore, there is great interest in increased knowledge of diaspidids because of their potential impact on agriculture production and commerce worldwide as well as potential impacts on native species (Miller & Davidson 2005MILLER, D.R. & DAVIDSON, J.A. 2005. Armored scale insect pests of trees and shrubs. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 442.).

At least 163 species of Diaspididae from 53 genera have been recorded in Brazil, distributed in all regions of the country (García Morales et al. 2016GARCÍA MORALES, M., DENNO, B.D., MILLER, D.R., MILLER, G.L., BEN-DOV, Y. & HARDY, N.B. 2016. ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. Doi: 10.1093/database/bav118. 2016. http://scalenet.info (last access on 28/05/2021).
http://scalenet.info... ). In the state of Espírito Santo, located in the Southeast region of Brazil, studies of the richness of species of diaspidids were almost nonexistent until the beginning of the decade of 2000 with only four species, Comstockaspis perniciosa (Comstock), Costalimaspis eugeniae Lepage, Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) and Ischnaspis longirostris (Signoret), known to occur in the state (Silva et al. 1968SILVA, A.G.A., GONÇALVES, C.R., GALVÃO, D.M., GONÇALVES, A.J.L., GOMES, J., SILVA, M.N. & SIMONI, L. 1968. Quarto catálogo dos insetos que vivem nas plantas do Brasil seus parasitos e predadores. Parte II - 1° Tomo. Ministério da Agricultura, Rio de Janeiro., Claps et al. 1999CLAPS, L.E., WOLFF, V.R.S. & GONZÁLES, R.H. 1999. Catálogo de las Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) nativas de Argentina, Brasil y Chile. Insecta Mundi 13(3-4): 239-255.). However, studies of insect pests, including diaspidids, and beneficial insects in agricultural crops in Espírito Santo beginning in 1999 contributed to a greater knowledge of the diversity and distribution of diaspidids and their natural enemies in the state with 29 additional diaspidid species identified in the state (Martins et al. 2004MARTINS, D.S., CULIK, M.P. & WOLFF, V.R.S. 2004. New record of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) as pests of papaya in Brazil. Neotrop. Entomol. 33(5): 655-657., Culik et al. 2008CULIK, M.P., MARTINS, D.S., VENTURA, J.A. & WOLFF, V.R.S. 2008. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Espírito Santo, Brazil. J. Insect Sci. 8: 17. https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701... , 2009CULIK, M.P., VENTURA, J.A. & MARTINS, D.S. 2009. Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of pineapple in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Acta Hortic. 822: 215-218. https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2009.822.26 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2009... , 2011aCULIK, M.P., MARTINS, D.S. & VENTURA, J.A. 2011a. New distribution and host records of chalcidoid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Espírito Santo, Brazil. Biocontrol Sci Technol. 21(7): 877-881. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2011.588319 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2011.58... , b). In addition, seven parasitoid species from the Aphelinidae and Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chacidoidea) were found associated with the diaspidid species Aonidiella comperei McKenzie, Diaspis boisduvalii Signoret, Hemiberlesia palmae (Cockerell), Melanaspis smilacis (Comstock) and Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni Tozzetti) in crops of papaya, peach and pineapple (Culik et al. 2011aCULIK, M.P., MARTINS, D.S. & VENTURA, J.A. 2011a. New distribution and host records of chalcidoid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Espírito Santo, Brazil. Biocontrol Sci Technol. 21(7): 877-881. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2011.588319 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2011.58... ).

Studies of the species in regions provide the basic information necessary for knowledge of biological diversity and are indispensable for improved taxonomic and biogeographic understanding. In addition, knowledge of the pest species and their host plants and natural enemies in regions is of fundamental importance for the establishment of programs of integrated pest management (IPM) necessary for sustainable production and export of agricultural products. Therefore the objective of this study was to increase knowledge of the diversity and distribution of diaspidid species and their associated host plants in Espírito Santo state, Brazil.

Materials and Methods

Plant samples with associated diaspidids were collected in urban and rural areas of 34 of the 78 municipalities in Espírito Santo, Brazil, during the period from November 2002 to December 2018. Sampled municipalities were located throughout the state in the regions Central Litorânea (municipalities of Alfredo Chaves, Cariacica, Guarapari, Serra, Viana, Vila Velha, and Vitória); Centro Serrana (Domingos Martins, Santa Maria de Jetibá, Santa Teresa, Vargem Alta, and Venda Nova do Imigrante); Norte (Aracruz, Boa Esperança, Colatina, Conceição da Barra, Fundão, Jaguaré, João Neiva, Linhares, Marilândia, Montanha, Pancas, Pedro Canário, Pinheiros, Rio Bananal, São Mateus, and Sooretama); and Sul (Bom Jesus do Norte, Castelo, Guaçui, Jerônimo Monteiro, Marataízes, and Presidente Kennedy).

The diaspidid infested plant samples collected (leaves, stems, fruits, and pieces of trunk or branches) were placed in plastic bags and transported from the field to the Laboratory of Entomology of the Instituto Capixaba de Pesquisa, Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural (Incaper), Vitória, Espírito Santo, where parts of the plant samples with attached diaspidids were stored and preserved in glass vials with 70% alcohol. For identification of species, the samples were cleared with potassium hydroxide (10%), dehydrated in 70% and 96% alcohol and mounted on glass slides in Canada balsam (Wolff et al. 2014WOLFF, V.R.S., BOTTON, M. & SILVA, D.C. 2014. Diaspidídeos e parasitoides associados ao cultivo da videira no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Rev Bras Frutic. 36(4): 835-840.). Identification of each species was based on morphological characteristics of the adult female, using an optical microscope and relevant identification keys (Ferris 1937FERRIS, G.F. 1937. Atlas of the scale insects of North America. 1. Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, California., 1938FERRIS, G.F. 1938. Atlas of the scale insects of North America. 2. Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, California., 1941FERRIS, G.F. 1941. Atlas of the Scale Insects of North America (Ser. 3). 3. Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, California., 1942FERRIS, G.F. 1942. Atlas of the scale insects of North America. 4. Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, California., McKenzie 1937MCKENZIE, H.L. 1937. Morphological differences distinguishing California red scale, yellow scale, and related species (Homoptera, Diaspididae). University of California Publications in Entomology 6: 323-335., Lepage & Gianotti 1944LEPAGE, H.S. & GIANNOTTI, O. 1944. Algumas espécies novas de coccideos do Brasil (Homoptera - Coccoidea). Arq. Inst. Biol. 15: 299-306., Balachowsky 1954BALACHOWSKY, A.S. 1954. Les cochenilles Paléarctiques de la tribu des Diaspidini. Mémoires Scientifiques de lʹInstitut Pasteur Paris. 450., Miller & Davidson 2005MILLER, D.R. & DAVIDSON, J.A. 2005. Armored scale insect pests of trees and shrubs. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 442., Wolff 2008WOLFF, V.R.S. 2008. Revisão de Pseudoparlatoria (Hemiptera, Diaspididae). Iheringia, Série Zoologia 98(3): 291-307.). The identifications of the species were made by second author of this publication.

A summary of collection records for each species of diaspidid that was collected in this study is provided, as well as the species previously known distribution in Brazil based on references noted, if any. New records of species of diaspidids in the state of Espírito Santo encountered in this study are noted with the expression ʺnew state recordʺ, in parentheses, after the name of the state of Espírito Santo in the summary of the species distribution in Brazil.

New records of diaspidid host plants found in this study were determined based on previously known hosts noted by García Morales et al. (2016)GARCÍA MORALES, M., DENNO, B.D., MILLER, D.R., MILLER, G.L., BEN-DOV, Y. & HARDY, N.B. 2016. ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. Doi: 10.1093/database/bav118. 2016. http://scalenet.info (last access on 28/05/2021).
http://scalenet.info... , and the names of the plant species follows the nomenclature of the Catalog of Life (2020CATALOGUE OF LIFE WEBSITE. 2020. Catalogue of Life: 25 Feb 2020. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/ (last access on 15/04/2020).
http://www.catalogueoflife.org/... ). New host plant records for diaspidids species collected in this study are marked: new host plant family (*), new host plant species (**).

Voucher specimens of diaspidids identified in this study are deposited in the collections of arthropods of Incaper, Vitória, Espírito Santo and the Museu Ramiro Gomes da Costa (MRGC), Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Secretaria de Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

Results

A total of 302 samples of 80 species from 36 host plant families with armored scale insects were collected in this study. Forty species of Diaspididae from 27 genera were identified, demonstrating the diversity of species of this family in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil.

Collection records for the species of Diaspididae collected in the present study are summarized as follow:

1. Acutaspis perseae (Comstock, 1881)

Samples examined: 2

Location (municipality) records: Serra:-20.21167° /-40.27153°, 1 sample, 07.ix.2016, B.C. Santos coll.; Vitória:-20.25811° /-40.26000°, 1 sample, 11.vi.2016, B.C. Santos coll.

Host plants examined: Malpighiaceae*: Malpighia emarginata [Moc. & Sesse] ex DC.**; Myrtaceae*: Eugenia uniflora L.**

Distribution in Brazil: Espírito Santo (new state record), Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul.

Reference: Claps et al. (2001)CLAPS, L.E., WOLFF, V.R.S. & GONZÁLES, R.H. 2001. Catálogo de las Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) exóticas de la Argentina, Brasil y Chile. Rev Soc Entomol Argent. 60(1-4): 9-34..

2. Acutaspis umbonifera (Newstead, 1920)

Samples examined: 1

Location (municipality) records: Vitória:-20.31444° /-40.28947°, 1 sample, 14.iii.2016, D.S. Martins coll.

Host plants examined: Asparagaceae*: Yucca gigantea Lem.**

Distribution in Brazil: Espírito Santo (new state record), Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo.

Reference: Claps et al. (2001)CLAPS, L.E., WOLFF, V.R.S. & GONZÁLES, R.H. 2001. Catálogo de las Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) exóticas de la Argentina, Brasil y Chile. Rev Soc Entomol Argent. 60(1-4): 9-34., Imenes et al. (2002)IMENES, S.D.L., WOLFF, V.R.S., BERGMANN, E.C. & IDE, S. 2002. Primeiros registros da ocorrência de Acutaspis umbonifera (Newstead, 1920) e Acutaspis litorana Lepage, 1942 (Hemiptera, Diaspididae) em Anthurium andreanum Lind. (Araceae), no Brasil. Arq. Inst. Biol. 69(2): 85-89..

3. Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell, 1879)

Samples examined: 1

Location (municipality) records: Vitória:-20.29750° /-40.29114°, 1 sample, 27.i.2016, D.S. Martins coll.

Host plants examined: Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander L.

Distribution in Brazil: Alagoas, Ceará, Espírito Santo (new state record), Maranhão, Pará, Paraíba, Paraná, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo.

Reference: Claps et al. (2001)CLAPS, L.E., WOLFF, V.R.S. & GONZÁLES, R.H. 2001. Catálogo de las Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) exóticas de la Argentina, Brasil y Chile. Rev Soc Entomol Argent. 60(1-4): 9-34..

4. Aonidiella comperei McKenzie, 1937MCKENZIE, H.L. 1937. Morphological differences distinguishing California red scale, yellow scale, and related species (Homoptera, Diaspididae). University of California Publications in Entomology 6: 323-335.

Samples examined: 72

Location (municipality) records: Aracruz:-19.57381° /-40.19150°, 4 samples, 12.i.2006, 16.i.2006, 18.v.2006, 18.v.2006, D.S. Martins coll.;-19.54164° /-40.90964°, 1 sample, 29.vi.2006, D.S. Martins coll.; 5 samples, 05.iv.2004, 01.ix.2004, 08.v.2006, 22.v.2006, 10.x.2006, D.S. Martins coll.; Boa Esperança: 3 samples, 12.iii.2004, D.S. Martins coll.; Cariacica: 1 sample, 19.iv.2007, M.P. Culik coll.; Jaguaré:-18.91900° /-40.17200°, 2 samples, 09.vi.2006, D.S. Martins coll.; Linhares:-19.14094° /-40.16975°, 3 samples, 10.vi.2003, 12.ii.2004, 15.iii.2006, D.S. Martins coll.;-19.17067° /-40.08558°, 2 samples, 12.ii.2004, D.S. Martins coll.;-19.23431° /-40.09439°, 1 sample, 28.vi.2006, D.S. Martins coll.;-19.25189° /-40.06806°, 3 samples, 16.xii.2005, 16.v.2006, 25.vii.2006, D.S. Martins coll.;-19.27183° /-39.98478°; 2 samples, 17.v.2006, 17.vii.2006, D.S. Martins coll.;-19.29511° /-40.14889°, 7 samples, 26.ii.2004, D.S. Martins coll.; 12 samples, 12.xi.2002, 12.xi.2002, 25.ii.2003, 25.ii.2003, 26.iii.2004, 07.iv.2004, 13.iv.2004, 13.i.2006, 28.vi.2006, 17.vii.2006, 13.ix.2006, 19.ix.2006, D.S. Martins coll.; 2 samples, 15.iii.2012, M.P. Culik coll.; Montanha: 3 samples, 20.i.2005, 19.iv.2006, 25.iv.2006, D.S. Martins coll.; Pedro Canário: 1 sample, 15.ix.2004, D.S. Martins coll.; 3 samples, 28.ix.2004, D.S. Martins coll.; 4 samples, 26.x.2004, D.S. Martins coll.; Pinheiros:-18.41258° /-40.28750°, 1 sample, 12.iii.2004, D.S. Martins coll.; Rio Bananal: 1 sample, 14.iii.2006, D.S. Martins coll.; 1 sample, 11.x.2006, D.S. Martins coll.; São Mateus:-18.65667° /-39.94269°, 1 sample, 27.xii.2005, D.S. Martins coll.; Sooretama:-19.11817° /-40.08011°, 1 sample, 11.x.2006, D.S. Martins coll.;-19.15286° /-40.13519°, 1 sample, 16.vi.2006, D.S. Martins coll.;-19.16575° /-40.10956°, 1 sample, 16.vi.2006, D.S. Martins coll.;-19.16708° /-40.08961°, 1 sample, 11.i.2006, D.S. Martins coll.;-19.19222° /-40.05697°, 1 sample, 15.viii.2006, D.S. Martins coll.; 4 samples, 16.xii.2005, 10.v.2006, 12.ix.2006, 12.ix.2006, D.S. Martins coll.

Host plants examined: Caricaceae: Carica papaya L.; Rubiaceae: Morinda citrifolia L.

Distribution in Brazil: Alagoas, Bahia, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte.

Reference: Claps et al. (2001)CLAPS, L.E., WOLFF, V.R.S. & GONZÁLES, R.H. 2001. Catálogo de las Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) exóticas de la Argentina, Brasil y Chile. Rev Soc Entomol Argent. 60(1-4): 9-34., Martins et al. (2004MARTINS, D.S., CULIK, M.P. & WOLFF, V.R.S. 2004. New record of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) as pests of papaya in Brazil. Neotrop. Entomol. 33(5): 655-657., 2015), Culik et al. (2008)CULIK, M.P., MARTINS, D.S., VENTURA, J.A. & WOLFF, V.R.S. 2008. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Espírito Santo, Brazil. J. Insect Sci. 8: 17. https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701... , 2011aCULIK, M.P., MARTINS, D.S. & VENTURA, J.A. 2011a. New distribution and host records of chalcidoid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Espírito Santo, Brazil. Biocontrol Sci Technol. 21(7): 877-881. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2011.588319 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2011.58... , b).

5. Aspidiotus destructor Signoret, 1869

Samples examined: 6

Location (municipality) records: Guarapari:-20.73136° /-40.53331°, 1 sample, 09.iv.2016, D.S. Martins coll.; Serra: 1 sample, 24.iv.2006, M.P. Culik coll.; Vitória:-20.29703° /-40.29181°, 1 sample, 21.xii.2015, D.S. Martins coll.; 3 samples, 15.xii.2005, 19.iv.2007, 07.viii.2007, M.P. Culik coll.

Host plants examined: Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera L., Dypsis decaryi (Jum.) Beentje & J. Dransf.**, species unidentified; Clusiaceae: Clusia sp.**.

Distribution in Brazil: Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Fernando de Noronha, Maranhão, Pará, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Sergipe.

Reference: Silva et al. (1968)SILVA, A.G.A., GONÇALVES, C.R., GALVÃO, D.M., GONÇALVES, A.J.L., GOMES, J., SILVA, M.N. & SIMONI, L. 1968. Quarto catálogo dos insetos que vivem nas plantas do Brasil seus parasitos e predadores. Parte II - 1° Tomo. Ministério da Agricultura, Rio de Janeiro., Culik et al. (2008CULIK, M.P., MARTINS, D.S., VENTURA, J.A. & WOLFF, V.R.S. 2008. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Espírito Santo, Brazil. J. Insect Sci. 8: 17. https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701... , 2011bCULIK, M.P., WOLFF, V.R.S., PERONTI, A.L.B.G., BEN-DOV, Y. & VENTURA, J.A. 2011b. Hemiptera, Coccoidea: distribution extension and new records for the states of Espírito Santo, Ceará, and Pernambuco, Brazil. Check List 7(4): 567-570.).

6. Aspidiotus nerii Bouche, 1833

Samples examined: 3

Location (municipality) records: Serra:-20.17328° /-40.25758°, 1 sample, 12.ix.2016, B.C. Santos coll.; Vitória:-20.31689° /-40.32181°, 1 sample, 01.v.2004, D.S. Martins coll.; 1 sample, 29.ix.2016, B.C. Santos coll.

Host plants examined: Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander L.; Lauraceae: Persea americana Mill.; Rosaceae: Rosa sp.

Distribution in Brazil: Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo.

Reference: Claps et al. (2001)CLAPS, L.E., WOLFF, V.R.S. & GONZÁLES, R.H. 2001. Catálogo de las Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) exóticas de la Argentina, Brasil y Chile. Rev Soc Entomol Argent. 60(1-4): 9-34., Culik et al. (2008CULIK, M.P., MARTINS, D.S., VENTURA, J.A. & WOLFF, V.R.S. 2008. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Espírito Santo, Brazil. J. Insect Sci. 8: 17. https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701... , 2009CULIK, M.P., VENTURA, J.A. & MARTINS, D.S. 2009. Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of pineapple in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Acta Hortic. 822: 215-218. https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2009.822.26 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2009... ).

7. Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead, 1906

Samples examined: 6

Location (municipality) records: Bom Jesus do Norte:-21.13153° /-41.67581°, 1 sample, 21.vii.2016, B.C. Santos coll.; Domingos Martins:-20.32250° /-40.81689°, 1 sample, 23.v.2006, D.S. Martins coll.;-20.37256° /-41.06356°, 1 sample, 11.iii.2012, M.P. Culik coll.; Serra:-20.17058° /-40.25839°, 1 sample, 07.viii.2016, B.C. Santos coll.; 1 sample, 15.xii.2003, D.S. Martins coll.; Vitória: 1 sample, 31.viii.2004, D.S. Martins coll.

Host plants examined: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica L.

Distribution in Brazil: Espírito Santo, Goiás, Maranhão, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo.

Reference: Claps et al. (2001)CLAPS, L.E., WOLFF, V.R.S. & GONZÁLES, R.H. 2001. Catálogo de las Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) exóticas de la Argentina, Brasil y Chile. Rev Soc Entomol Argent. 60(1-4): 9-34., Culik et al. (2008)CULIK, M.P., MARTINS, D.S., VENTURA, J.A. & WOLFF, V.R.S. 2008. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Espírito Santo, Brazil. J. Insect Sci. 8: 17. https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701... , Ramos et al. (2018)RAMOS, A.S.J.C., LEMOS, R.N.S., COSTA, V.A., PERONTI, A.L.B.G., SILVA, E.A., MONDEGO, J.M. & MOREIRA, A.A. 2018. Hymenopteran parasitoids associated with scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in tropical fruit trees in the eastern Amazon, Brazil. Fla Entomol. 101(2): 273-278..

8. Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus, 1758)

Samples examined: 6

Location (municipality) records: Jerônimo Monteiro:-20.79453° /-41.37472°, 1 sample, 23.xi.2012, M.P. Culik coll.; Serra:-20.16889° /-40.25350°, 1 sample, 14.viii.2016, B.C. Santos coll.; Sooretama:-19.21700° /-40.05192°, 1 sample, 08.vii.2016, B.C. Santos coll.; Vitória:-20.29811° /-40.31650°, 1 sample, 26.xi.2015, D.S. Martins coll.,-20.31344° /-40.30636°, 1 sample, 18.xii.2015, D.S. Martins coll.; 1 sample, 12.xii.2004, D.S. Martins coll.

Host plants examined: Asparagaceae: Dracaena reflexa var. angustifolia Baker (syn. Dracaena marginata Lam.); Rutaceae: Citrus aurantium L. (syn. Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck); Sapotaceae: Manilkara subsericea (Mart.) Dubard**; Vitaceae: Leea rubra Blume**.

Distribution in Brazil: Amapá, Amazonas, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraíba, Paraná, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo.

Reference: Claps et al. (2001)CLAPS, L.E., WOLFF, V.R.S. & GONZÁLES, R.H. 2001. Catálogo de las Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) exóticas de la Argentina, Brasil y Chile. Rev Soc Entomol Argent. 60(1-4): 9-34., Silva & Jordão (2005)SILVA, R.A. & JORDÃO, A.L. 2005. Pragas dos citros no Estado do Amapá. Revista Científica Eletrônica de Agronomia da Faculdade de Ensino Superior e Formação Integral - FAEF 4: 7. http://ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/digital/bitstream/item/64817/1/AP-2005-pragas-citros.pdf (last access on 15/12/2020).
http://ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/digital/b... , Culik et al. (2008)CULIK, M.P., MARTINS, D.S., VENTURA, J.A. & WOLFF, V.R.S. 2008. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Espírito Santo, Brazil. J. Insect Sci. 8: 17. https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701... , Almeida et al. (2018)ALMEIDA, L.F.V., PERONTI, A.L.B.G., MARTINELLI, N.M. & WOLFF, V.R.S. 2018. Survey of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in citrus orchards in São Paulo, Brazil. Fla Entomol. 101(3): 353-363..

9. Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan, 1889)

Samples examined: 9

Location (municipality) records: Aracruz: 1 sample, 17.viii.2006, D.S. Martins coll.; Domingos Martins:-20.37269° /-40.97608°, 1 sample, 28.xi.2015, D.S. Martins coll.; Linhares:-19.15189° /-40.07081°, 1 sample, 24.xi.2006, M.P. Culik coll.; Santa Teresa: 1 sample, 10.vii.2016, D.S. Martins coll.; Vitória:-20.29653° /-40.29275°, 1 sample, 24.vi.2006, D.S. Martins coll.;-20.29708° /-40.29272°, 2 samples, 16.xii.2005, D.S. Martins coll.;-20.30669° /-40.30239°, 1 sample, 20.i.2016, D.S. Martins coll.;-20.31892° /-40.30556°, 1 sample, 01.xii.2015, D.S. Martins coll.

Host plants examined: Araceae: Zamioculcas zamiifolia (G. Lodd.) Engl.**, Arecaceae: unidentified species; Asparagaceae: Beaucarnea recurvata Lem.; Moraceae: Ficus benjamina L.; Myrtaceae: Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston; Rosaceae: Rosa sp.; Vitaceae: Leea guineenses G.Don** (syn. Leea coccinea Planch), Leea rubra Blume**.

Distribution in Brazil: Bahia, Espírito Santo, Pará, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo.

Reference: Claps et al. (2001)CLAPS, L.E., WOLFF, V.R.S. & GONZÁLES, R.H. 2001. Catálogo de las Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) exóticas de la Argentina, Brasil y Chile. Rev Soc Entomol Argent. 60(1-4): 9-34., Culik et al. (2008)CULIK, M.P., MARTINS, D.S., VENTURA, J.A. & WOLFF, V.R.S. 2008. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Espírito Santo, Brazil. J. Insect Sci. 8: 17. https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701... .

10. Comstockaspis perniciosa (Comstock, 1881)

Samples examined: 1

Location (municipality) records: Venda Nova do Imigrante: 1 sample, 05.xii.2012, M.P. Culik coll.

Host plants examined: Rosaceae: Prunus persica (L.) Stokes.

Distribution in Brazil: Espírito Santo (new state record), Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo.

Reference: Claps et al. (2001)CLAPS, L.E., WOLFF, V.R.S. & GONZÁLES, R.H. 2001. Catálogo de las Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) exóticas de la Argentina, Brasil y Chile. Rev Soc Entomol Argent. 60(1-4): 9-34..

11. Costalimaspis eugeniae Lepage, 1937

Samples examined: 0

Location (municipality) records: Without specific locality.

Host plants examined: not collected in the present study.

Distribution in Brazil: Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo.

Reference: Silva et al. (1968)SILVA, A.G.A., GONÇALVES, C.R., GALVÃO, D.M., GONÇALVES, A.J.L., GOMES, J., SILVA, M.N. & SIMONI, L. 1968. Quarto catálogo dos insetos que vivem nas plantas do Brasil seus parasitos e predadores. Parte II - 1° Tomo. Ministério da Agricultura, Rio de Janeiro., Claps et al. (1999)CLAPS, L.E., WOLFF, V.R.S. & GONZÁLES, R.H. 1999. Catálogo de las Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) nativas de Argentina, Brasil y Chile. Insecta Mundi 13(3-4): 239-255., Culik et al. (2008)CULIK, M.P., MARTINS, D.S., VENTURA, J.A. & WOLFF, V.R.S. 2008. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Espírito Santo, Brazil. J. Insect Sci. 8: 17. https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701... .

12. Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam, 1878)

Samples examined: 2

Location (municipality) records: Vitória:-20.27625° /-40.29872°, 1 sample, 21.viii.2016, B.C. Santos coll.;-20.29653° /-40.29275°, 1 sample, 05.ii.2006, D.S. Martins coll.

Host plants examined: Myrtaceae*: Psidium guajava L.**.

Distribution in Brazil: Espírito Santo, São Paulo.

Reference: Claps et al. (2001)CLAPS, L.E., WOLFF, V.R.S. & GONZÁLES, R.H. 2001. Catálogo de las Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) exóticas de la Argentina, Brasil y Chile. Rev Soc Entomol Argent. 60(1-4): 9-34., Culik et al. (2008)CULIK, M.P., MARTINS, D.S., VENTURA, J.A. & WOLFF, V.R.S. 2008. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Espírito Santo, Brazil. J. Insect Sci. 8: 17. https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701... .

13. Diaspis boisduvalii (Signoret, 1869)

Samples examined: 9

Location (municipality) records: Domingos Martins:-20.37256° /-41.06356°, 2 samples, 08.iii.2006, 16.i.2008, M.P. Culik coll.; Serra:-19.91650° /-40.12869°, 3 samples, 15.iii.2006, M.P. Culik coll.; Sooretama:-19.11817° /-40.08011°, 3 samples, 24.x.2006, M.P. Culik coll.;-19.11817° /-40.08011°, 1 sample, 11.ix.2007, M.P. Culik coll.

Host plants examined: Bromeliaceae: Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.

Distribution in Brazil: Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraná, Piauí, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo.

Reference: Claps et al. (2001)CLAPS, L.E., WOLFF, V.R.S. & GONZÁLES, R.H. 2001. Catálogo de las Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) exóticas de la Argentina, Brasil y Chile. Rev Soc Entomol Argent. 60(1-4): 9-34., Culik et al. (2008CULIK, M.P., MARTINS, D.S., VENTURA, J.A. & WOLFF, V.R.S. 2008. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Espírito Santo, Brazil. J. Insect Sci. 8: 17. https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701... , 2009CULIK, M.P., VENTURA, J.A. & MARTINS, D.S. 2009. Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of pineapple in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Acta Hortic. 822: 215-218. https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2009.822.26 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2009... , 2011aCULIK, M.P., MARTINS, D.S. & VENTURA, J.A. 2011a. New distribution and host records of chalcidoid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Espírito Santo, Brazil. Biocontrol Sci Technol. 21(7): 877-881. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2011.588319 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2011.58... ).

14. Diaspis bromeliae Kerner, 1778

Samples examined: 9

Location (municipality) records: Domingos Martins:-20.36878° /-40.97467°, 1 sample, 26.iii.2016, D.S. Martins coll.;-20.37269° /-40.97608°, 1 sample, 03.ix.2006, D.S. Martins coll.;-20.37256° /-41.06356°, 1 sample, 22.ii.2005, M.P. Culik coll.; Marataízes: 1 sample, 18.viii.2005, M.P. Culik coll.;-21.05475° /-40.86397°, 5 samples, 20.x.2005, M.P. Culik coll.

Host plants examined: Bromeliaceae: Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.; Myrtaceae*: Plinia cauliflora (DC.) Kausel**; Orchidaceae: unidentified species.

Distribution in Brazil: Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo.

Reference: Claps et al. (2001)CLAPS, L.E., WOLFF, V.R.S. & GONZÁLES, R.H. 2001. Catálogo de las Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) exóticas de la Argentina, Brasil y Chile. Rev Soc Entomol Argent. 60(1-4): 9-34., Culik et al. (2008CULIK, M.P., MARTINS, D.S., VENTURA, J.A. & WOLFF, V.R.S. 2008. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Espírito Santo, Brazil. J. Insect Sci. 8: 17. https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701... , 2009CULIK, M.P., VENTURA, J.A. & MARTINS, D.S. 2009. Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of pineapple in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Acta Hortic. 822: 215-218. https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2009.822.26 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2009... ).

15. Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni Tozzetti, 1867)

Samples examined: 9

Location (municipality) records: Domingos Martins:-20.37275° /-40.97600°, 1 sample, 28.xi.2015, D.S. Martins coll.; Guarapari:-20.73136° /-40.53331°, 1 sample, 24.vi.2006, D.S. Martins coll.; Linhares:-19.43511° /-40.08494°, 1 sample, 21.vi.2016, D.S. Martins coll.; Serra:-20.16889° /-40.25350°, 1 sample, 14.viii.2016, B.C. Santos coll.;-20.16994° /-40.25714°, 1 sample, 07.viii.2016, B.C. Santos coll.;-20.24503° /-40.26144°, 1 sample, 18.ix.2016, B.C. Santos coll.; Vitória:-20.29592° /-40.29572°, 1 sample, 01.i.2016, D.S. Martins coll.;-20.29653° /-40.29275°, 1 sample, 10.vi.2006, D.S. Martins coll.;-20.31175° /-40.30522°, 1 sample, 14.xii.2015, D.S. Martins coll.

Host plants examined: Iridaceae*: Dietes bicolor (Steud.) Sweet ex Klatt**; Lauraceae: Laurus nobilis L.; Moraceae: Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam; Myrtaceae: Eugenia sprengelii DC.**; Rutaceae: Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack.

Distribution in Brazil: Espírito Santo, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo.

Reference: Silva et al. (1968)SILVA, A.G.A., GONÇALVES, C.R., GALVÃO, D.M., GONÇALVES, A.J.L., GOMES, J., SILVA, M.N. & SIMONI, L. 1968. Quarto catálogo dos insetos que vivem nas plantas do Brasil seus parasitos e predadores. Parte II - 1° Tomo. Ministério da Agricultura, Rio de Janeiro., Culik et al. (2008)CULIK, M.P., MARTINS, D.S., VENTURA, J.A. & WOLFF, V.R.S. 2008. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Espírito Santo, Brazil. J. Insect Sci. 8: 17. https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701... .

16. Furcaspis biformis (Cockerell, 1893)

Samples examined: 4

Location (municipality) records: Vitória: 3 samples, 29.ix.2006, 29.ix.2006, 28.iii.2007, M.P. Culik coll.;-20.31103° /-40.30236°, 1 sample, 26.viii.2013, J.A. Ventura coll.

Host plants examined: Asparagaceae: Agave angustifolia Haw.**; Orchidaceae: unidentified species.

Distribution in Brazil: Bahia, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo.

Reference: Claps et al. (2001)CLAPS, L.E., WOLFF, V.R.S. & GONZÁLES, R.H. 2001. Catálogo de las Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) exóticas de la Argentina, Brasil y Chile. Rev Soc Entomol Argent. 60(1-4): 9-34., Culik et al. (2008)CULIK, M.P., MARTINS, D.S., VENTURA, J.A. & WOLFF, V.R.S. 2008. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Espírito Santo, Brazil. J. Insect Sci. 8: 17. https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701... .

17. Hemiberlesia cyanophylli (Signoret, 1869)

Samples examined: 8

Location (municipality) records: Conceição da Barra:-18.56264° /-39.74250°, 1 sample, 25.xi.2015, A.F.S. Costa coll.; Linhares: 1 sample, 29.xi.2005, D.S. Martins coll.; Santa Teresa: 1 sample, 26.vii.2004, D.S. Martins coll.; Vargem Alta: 1 sample, 17.x.2005, M.J. Fornazier coll.; Vitória:-20.29653° /-40.29275°, 1 sample, 06.v.2006, D.S. Martins coll.;-20.30150° /-40.29886°, 1 sample, 01.viii.2006, D.S. Martins coll.;-20.30189° /-40.30117°, 1 sample, 19.i.2016, D.S. Martins coll.;-20.30961° /-40.28689°, 1 sample, 02.xii.2015, D.S. Martins coll.

Host plants examined: Anacardiaceae: Anacardium occidentale L.**; Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera L., Dypsis lutescens (H. Wendl.) Beentje & J. Dransf.; Cactaceae: Cereus hildmannianus K. Schum; Clusiaceae*: Clusia fluminensis Planch. & Triana**; Moraceae: Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg.; Myrtaceae: Plinia cauliflora (DC.) Kausel** (syn. Myrciaria jaboticaba (Vell.) O. Berg); Vitaceae*: Vitis vinifera L.**.

Distribution in Brazil: Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Paraíba, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo.

Reference: Claps et al. (2001)CLAPS, L.E., WOLFF, V.R.S. & GONZÁLES, R.H. 2001. Catálogo de las Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) exóticas de la Argentina, Brasil y Chile. Rev Soc Entomol Argent. 60(1-4): 9-34., Culik et al. (2008)CULIK, M.P., MARTINS, D.S., VENTURA, J.A. & WOLFF, V.R.S. 2008. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Espírito Santo, Brazil. J. Insect Sci. 8: 17. https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701... .

18. Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret, 1869)

Samples examined: 3

Location (municipality) records: São Mateus:-18.73425° /-39.80231°, 1 sample, 12.v.2015, J.A. Ventura coll.; Serra:-20.19933° /-40.19528°, 1 sample, 06.x.2006, M.P. Culik coll.; Venda Nova do Imigrante:-20.41778° /-41.08486°, 1 sample, 22.xi.2011, M.P. Culik coll.

Host plants examined: Anacardiaceae: Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi**; Meliaceae: Azadirachta indica A. Juss.**; Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera L.

Distribution in Brazil: Amazonas, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Pará, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo.

Reference: Silva et al. (1968)SILVA, A.G.A., GONÇALVES, C.R., GALVÃO, D.M., GONÇALVES, A.J.L., GOMES, J., SILVA, M.N. & SIMONI, L. 1968. Quarto catálogo dos insetos que vivem nas plantas do Brasil seus parasitos e predadores. Parte II - 1° Tomo. Ministério da Agricultura, Rio de Janeiro., Culik et al. (2008)CULIK, M.P., MARTINS, D.S., VENTURA, J.A. & WOLFF, V.R.S. 2008. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Espírito Santo, Brazil. J. Insect Sci. 8: 17. https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701... , Almeida et al. (2018)ALMEIDA, L.F.V., PERONTI, A.L.B.G., MARTINELLI, N.M. & WOLFF, V.R.S. 2018. Survey of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in citrus orchards in São Paulo, Brazil. Fla Entomol. 101(3): 353-363..

19. Hemiberlesia palmae (Cockerell, 1893)

Samples examined: 3

Location (municipality) records: Domingos Martins: 1 sample, 03.ix.2007, M.P. Culik coll.; Fundão: 1 sample, 27.iv.2006, M.P. Culik coll.; Serra:-20.17311° /-40.25742°, 1 sample, 04.iv.2016, B.C. Santos coll.

Host plants examined: Arecaceae: Dypsis lutescens (H. wendl.) Beentje & J.Dransf., species unidentified; Rutaceae: Citrus reticulata Blanco.

Distribution in Brazil: Bahia, Espírito Santo, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo.

Reference: Silva et al. (1968)SILVA, A.G.A., GONÇALVES, C.R., GALVÃO, D.M., GONÇALVES, A.J.L., GOMES, J., SILVA, M.N. & SIMONI, L. 1968. Quarto catálogo dos insetos que vivem nas plantas do Brasil seus parasitos e predadores. Parte II - 1° Tomo. Ministério da Agricultura, Rio de Janeiro., Culik et al. (2008CULIK, M.P., MARTINS, D.S., VENTURA, J.A. & WOLFF, V.R.S. 2008. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Espírito Santo, Brazil. J. Insect Sci. 8: 17. https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701... , 2011aCULIK, M.P., MARTINS, D.S. & VENTURA, J.A. 2011a. New distribution and host records of chalcidoid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Espírito Santo, Brazil. Biocontrol Sci Technol. 21(7): 877-881. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2011.588319 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2011.58... , b).

20. Howardia biclavis (Comstock, 1883)

Samples examined: 1

Location (municipality) records: Vitória: 1 sample, 26.xii.2007, M.P. Culik coll.

Host plants examined: unidentified ornamental species, leaf.

Distribution in Brazil: Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Pará, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo.

Reference: Claps et al. (2001)CLAPS, L.E., WOLFF, V.R.S. & GONZÁLES, R.H. 2001. Catálogo de las Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) exóticas de la Argentina, Brasil y Chile. Rev Soc Entomol Argent. 60(1-4): 9-34., Culik et al. (2011b)CULIK, M.P., WOLFF, V.R.S., PERONTI, A.L.B.G., BEN-DOV, Y. & VENTURA, J.A. 2011b. Hemiptera, Coccoidea: distribution extension and new records for the states of Espírito Santo, Ceará, and Pernambuco, Brazil. Check List 7(4): 567-570..

21. Ischnaspis longirostris (Signoret, 1882)

Samples examined: 13

Location (municipality) records: Bom Jesus do Norte:-21.13153° /-41.67581°, 1 sample, 21.vii.2016, B.C. Santos coll.; Guarapari:-20.67086° /-40.49914°, 1 sample, 23.i.2016, D.S. Martins coll.; Linhares:-19.15189° /-40.07081°, 2 samples, 24.xi.2006, 25.xi.2006, M.P. Culik coll.; Venda Nova do Imigrante:-20.34144° /-41.11547°, 1 sample, 24.vii.2016, D.S. Martins coll.; 1 sample, 15.iv.2005, M.P. Culik coll.; Vitória:-20.29708° /-40.29272°, 1 sample, 16.xii.2005, D.S. Martins coll.;-20.29914° /-40.29147°, 3 samples, 11.xii.2018, D.S. Martins coll.;-20.30592° /-40.29369°, 1 sample, 13.vi.2016, D.S. Martins coll.;-20.31175° /-40.30522°, 1 sample, 14.xii.2015, D.S. Martins coll.; 1 sample, 27.iv.2005, D.S. Martins coll.

Host plants examined: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica L.; Arecaceae: Chamaedorea seifrizii Burret**(syn. Chamaedorea erumpens H.E. Moore), Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb.**; Davalliaceae*: Davallia fejeensis Hook.**; Iridaceae: Dietes bicolor (Steud.) Sweet ex Klatt; Moraceae: Ficus variegata Bl.**; Rubiaceae: Ixora chinensis Lam.**; Sapotaceae: Mimusops thouarsii M.M. Hartog ex Dubard**.

Distribution in Brazil: Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Pará, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo.

Reference: Claps et al. (2001)CLAPS, L.E., WOLFF, V.R.S. & GONZÁLES, R.H. 2001. Catálogo de las Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) exóticas de la Argentina, Brasil y Chile. Rev Soc Entomol Argent. 60(1-4): 9-34., Culik et al. (2008)CULIK, M.P., MARTINS, D.S., VENTURA, J.A. & WOLFF, V.R.S. 2008. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Espírito Santo, Brazil. J. Insect Sci. 8: 17. https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701... .

22. Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman, 1869)

Samples examined: 1

Location (municipality) records: Domingos Martins:-20.36878° /-40.97467°, 1 sample, 27.iii.2016, D.S. Martins coll.

Host plants examined: Rutaceae: Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle**.

Distribution in Brazil: Bahia, Espírito Santo (new state record), Goiás, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo.

Reference: Azevedo (1923)AZEVEDO, A. 1923. Insectos nocivos às principaes culturas do Estado da Bahia. Correio Agricola 1(6-7): 151-155., Carvalho & Carvalho (1939)CARVALHO, M.B. & CARVALHO, R.F. 1939. Primeira contribuição para um catálogo dos insetos de Pernambuco. Arquivos do Instituto de Pesquisas Agronômicas 2: 27-60., Lepage & Giannotti (1942)LEPAGE, H.S. & GIANNOTTI, O. 1942. Contribuição para o levantamento fitossanitário do Nordeste brasileiro. Boletím da Sociedade Brasileira de Agronomia 5(4): 444-458., Wolff & Corseuil (1994a)WOLFF, V.R.S. & CORSEUIL, E. 1994a. Espécies de Diaspididae (Homoptera: Coccoidea) ocorrentes em plantas cítricas no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil: II - Diaspidinae. Biociências 2(1): 125-148., Almeida et al. (2018)ALMEIDA, L.F.V., PERONTI, A.L.B.G., MARTINELLI, N.M. & WOLFF, V.R.S. 2018. Survey of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in citrus orchards in São Paulo, Brazil. Fla Entomol. 101(3): 353-363..

23. Lepidosaphes gloverii (Packard, 1869)

Samples examined: 1

Location (municipality) records: Domingos Martins:-20.36878° /-40.97467°, 1 sample, 27.iii.2016, D.S. Martins coll.

Host plants examined: Rutaceae: Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle.

Distribution in Brazil: Espírito Santo (new state record), Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo.

Reference: Silva et al. (1968)SILVA, A.G.A., GONÇALVES, C.R., GALVÃO, D.M., GONÇALVES, A.J.L., GOMES, J., SILVA, M.N. & SIMONI, L. 1968. Quarto catálogo dos insetos que vivem nas plantas do Brasil seus parasitos e predadores. Parte II - 1° Tomo. Ministério da Agricultura, Rio de Janeiro., Wolff & Corseuil (1994a)WOLFF, V.R.S. & CORSEUIL, E. 1994a. Espécies de Diaspididae (Homoptera: Coccoidea) ocorrentes em plantas cítricas no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil: II - Diaspidinae. Biociências 2(1): 125-148..

24. Melanaspis smilacis (Comstock, 1883)

Samples examined: 7

Location (municipality) records: Domingos Martins:-20.37256° /-41.06356°, 1 sample, 25.ix.2007, M.P. Culik coll.;-20.37256° /-41.06356°, 1 sample, 16.i.2008, M.P. Culik coll.; Sooretama:-19.11817° /-40.08011°, 5 samples, 24.x.2006, M.P. Culik coll.

Host plants examined: Bromeliaceae: Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.

Distribution in Brazil: Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo.

Reference: Claps et al. (2001)CLAPS, L.E., WOLFF, V.R.S. & GONZÁLES, R.H. 2001. Catálogo de las Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) exóticas de la Argentina, Brasil y Chile. Rev Soc Entomol Argent. 60(1-4): 9-34., Culik et al. (2008CULIK, M.P., MARTINS, D.S., VENTURA, J.A. & WOLFF, V.R.S. 2008. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Espírito Santo, Brazil. J. Insect Sci. 8: 17. https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701... , 2009CULIK, M.P., VENTURA, J.A. & MARTINS, D.S. 2009. Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of pineapple in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Acta Hortic. 822: 215-218. https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2009.822.26 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2009... , 2011aCULIK, M.P., MARTINS, D.S. & VENTURA, J.A. 2011a. New distribution and host records of chalcidoid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Espírito Santo, Brazil. Biocontrol Sci Technol. 21(7): 877-881. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2011.588319 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2011.58... , b), Almeida et al. (2018)ALMEIDA, L.F.V., PERONTI, A.L.B.G., MARTINELLI, N.M. & WOLFF, V.R.S. 2018. Survey of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in citrus orchards in São Paulo, Brazil. Fla Entomol. 101(3): 353-363..

25. Morganella longispina (Morgan, 1889)

Samples examined: 1

Location (municipality) records: Venda Nova do Imigrante: 1 sample, 03.ii.2012, M.P. Culik coll.

Host plants examined: Moraceae: Ficus carica L.

Distribution in Brazil: Espírito Santo (new state record), Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo.

Reference: Claps et al. (2001)CLAPS, L.E., WOLFF, V.R.S. & GONZÁLES, R.H. 2001. Catálogo de las Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) exóticas de la Argentina, Brasil y Chile. Rev Soc Entomol Argent. 60(1-4): 9-34..

26. Mycetaspis apicata (Newstead, 1920)

Samples examined: 1

Location (municipality) records: Vitória:-20.29914° /-40.29147°, 1 sample, 11.xii.2018, D.S. Martins coll.

Host plants examined: Arecaceae*: Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb.**.

Distribution in Brazil: Espírito Santo (new state record), Rio de Janeiro.

Reference: Claps et al. (2001)CLAPS, L.E., WOLFF, V.R.S. & GONZÁLES, R.H. 2001. Catálogo de las Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) exóticas de la Argentina, Brasil y Chile. Rev Soc Entomol Argent. 60(1-4): 9-34..

27. Odonaspis ruthae Kotinsky, 1915

Samples examined: 1

Location (municipality) records: Serra: 1 sample, 25.xii.2005, M.P. Culik coll.

Host plants examined: Poaceae: Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt ex Bor.**.

Distribution in Brazil: Bahia, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro.

Reference: Silva et al. (1968)SILVA, A.G.A., GONÇALVES, C.R., GALVÃO, D.M., GONÇALVES, A.J.L., GOMES, J., SILVA, M.N. & SIMONI, L. 1968. Quarto catálogo dos insetos que vivem nas plantas do Brasil seus parasitos e predadores. Parte II - 1° Tomo. Ministério da Agricultura, Rio de Janeiro., Ben-Dov (1988)BEN-DOV, Y. 1988. A taxonomic analysis of the armored scale tribe Odonaspidini of the world (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae). United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin, n. 1723., Culik et al. (2008)CULIK, M.P., MARTINS, D.S., VENTURA, J.A. & WOLFF, V.R.S. 2008. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Espírito Santo, Brazil. J. Insect Sci. 8: 17. https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701... .

28. Parlatoria cinerea Hadden in Doane & Hadden, 1909

Samples examined: 4

Location (municipality) records: Domingos Martins:-20.38586° /-40.60733°, 1 sample, 29.iv.2016, D.S. Martins coll.; Santa Maria de Jetibá: 1 sample, 22.iv.2016, D.S. Martins coll.; Santa Teresa:-19.95956° /-40.51122°, 1 sample, 08.ii.2016, B.C. Santos coll.; Viana: 1 sample, 01.ix.2004, D.S. Martins coll.

Host plants examined: Rutaceae: Citrus aurantium L. (syn. Citrus paradisi Macfad, syn. Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck), Citrus latifolia (Tanaka ex Yu. Tanaka) Tanaka**, Citrus reticulata Blanco.

Distribution in Brazil: Amapá, Espírito Santo, Paraíba, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo.

Reference: Silva et al. (1968)SILVA, A.G.A., GONÇALVES, C.R., GALVÃO, D.M., GONÇALVES, A.J.L., GOMES, J., SILVA, M.N. & SIMONI, L. 1968. Quarto catálogo dos insetos que vivem nas plantas do Brasil seus parasitos e predadores. Parte II - 1° Tomo. Ministério da Agricultura, Rio de Janeiro., Fonseca (1965)FONSECA, J.P. 1965. Uma cochonilha de escama recentemente observada em laranjais de São Paulo. O Biológico 31(5): 216-219., Wolff & Corseuil (1994b)WOLFF, V.R.S. & CORSEUIL, E. 1994b. Espécies de Diaspididae (Homoptera: Coccoidea) ocorrentes em plantas cítricas no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil: III-Parlatoriinae. Biociências 2(2): 57-68., Silva & Jordão (2005)SILVA, R.A. & JORDÃO, A.L. 2005. Pragas dos citros no Estado do Amapá. Revista Científica Eletrônica de Agronomia da Faculdade de Ensino Superior e Formação Integral - FAEF 4: 7. http://ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/digital/bitstream/item/64817/1/AP-2005-pragas-citros.pdf (last access on 15/12/2020).
http://ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/digital/b... , Culik et al. (2008)CULIK, M.P., MARTINS, D.S., VENTURA, J.A. & WOLFF, V.R.S. 2008. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Espírito Santo, Brazil. J. Insect Sci. 8: 17. https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701... .

29. Parlatoria pergandii Comstock, 1881

Samples examined: 4

Location (municipality) records: Domingos Martins:-20.36878° /-40.97467°, 2 samples, 27.iii.2016, D.S. Martins coll.; Serra:-20.19844° /-40.26053°, 1 sample, 03.ix.2016, B.C. Santos coll.; Vitória:-20.29653° /-40.29333°, 1 sample, 19.viii.2006, D.S. Martins coll.

Host plants examined: Moraceae: Ficus recurva Bl.**; Rutaceae: Citrus latifolia (Tanaka ex Yu. Tanaka) Tanaka**.

Distribution in Brazil: Bahia, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo.

Reference: Silva et al. (1968)SILVA, A.G.A., GONÇALVES, C.R., GALVÃO, D.M., GONÇALVES, A.J.L., GOMES, J., SILVA, M.N. & SIMONI, L. 1968. Quarto catálogo dos insetos que vivem nas plantas do Brasil seus parasitos e predadores. Parte II - 1° Tomo. Ministério da Agricultura, Rio de Janeiro., Wolff & Corseuil (1994b)WOLFF, V.R.S. & CORSEUIL, E. 1994b. Espécies de Diaspididae (Homoptera: Coccoidea) ocorrentes em plantas cítricas no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil: III-Parlatoriinae. Biociências 2(2): 57-68., Culik et al. (2008)CULIK, M.P., MARTINS, D.S., VENTURA, J.A. & WOLFF, V.R.S. 2008. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Espírito Santo, Brazil. J. Insect Sci. 8: 17. https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701... .

30. Parlatoria proteus (Curtis, 1843)

Samples examined: 15

Location (municipality) records: Serra:-20.19936° /-40.27108°, 1 sample, 22.v.2016, B.C. Santos coll.; Vitória:-20.29336° /-40.29336°, 1 sample, 29.xi.2015, D.S. Martins coll.;-20.29622° /-40.29578°, 1 sample, 03.i.2016, D.S. Martins coll.;-20.29642° /-40.29314°, 2 samples, 06.xii.2015, D.S. Martins coll.;-20.29644° /-40.29514°, 1 sample, 06.xii.2015, D.S. Martins coll.;-20.29653° /-40.29275°, 1 sample, 21.x.2006, D.S. Martins coll.;-20.29939° /-40.29214°, 1 sample, 03.i.2016, D.S. Martins coll.;-20.31444° /-40.28947°, 1 sample, 14.iii.2016, D.S. Martins coll.;-20.31867° /-40.30536°, 1 sample, 02.vi.2016, B.C. Santos coll.;-20.31872° /-40.30539°, 1 sample, 28.vii.2006, D.S. Martins coll.;-20.29694° /-40.29261°, 1 sample, 12.xii.2004, D.S. Martins coll.; 3 samples, 30.xii.2004, 09.xii.2005, 20.v.2013, M.P. Culik coll.

Host plants examined: Araceae: Anthurium andraeanum Linden ex André**; Araliaceae: Schefflera arboricola (Hayata) Merr.; Arecaceae: Dypsis lutescens (H. Wendl.) Beentje & J.Dransf., Phoenix roebelenii OʹBrien**; Asparagaceae: Beaucarnea recurvata Lem.**, Dracaena reflexa Lam.**, Yucca gigantea Lem.**; Cycadaceae: Cycas revoluta Thunb.; Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia milii Des Moul; Moraceae: Ficus benjamina L.; Rutaceae: Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack**; Vitaceae: Leea rubra Blume**.

Distribution in Brazil: Espírito Santo, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo.

Reference: Silva et al. (1968)SILVA, A.G.A., GONÇALVES, C.R., GALVÃO, D.M., GONÇALVES, A.J.L., GOMES, J., SILVA, M.N. & SIMONI, L. 1968. Quarto catálogo dos insetos que vivem nas plantas do Brasil seus parasitos e predadores. Parte II - 1° Tomo. Ministério da Agricultura, Rio de Janeiro., Corseuil & Silva (1971)CORSEUIL, E. & SILVA, T.L. 1971. A tribo Diaspidini no Rio Grande do Sul (Homoptera, Diaspididae). Arquivos do Museu Nacional 54: 109-112., Culik et al. (2008)CULIK, M.P., MARTINS, D.S., VENTURA, J.A. & WOLFF, V.R.S. 2008. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Espírito Santo, Brazil. J. Insect Sci. 8: 17. https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701... .

31. Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret, 1869)

Samples examined: 12

Location (municipality) records: Domingos Martins:-20.37256° /-41.06356°, 2 samples, 10.iii.2012, 19.iv.2012, M.P. Culik coll.;-20.36861° /-40.97425°, 2 samples, 18.vi.2006, 28.xi.2015, D.S. Martins coll.;-20.37269° /-40.97608°, 1 sample, 10.ix.2006, D.S. Martins coll.;-20.38586° /-40.60733°, 1 sample, 29.iv.2016, D.S. Martins coll.;-20.37256° /-41.06356°, 1 sample, 19.iv.2012, M.P. Culik coll.; Jerônimo Monteiro:-20.79453° /-41.37472°, 2 samples, 10.i.2012, M.P. Culik coll.; Santa Maria de Jetibá: 1 sample, 22.iv.2016, D.S. Martins coll.; Serra:-20.16889° /-40.25350°, 1 sample, 14.viii.2016, B.C. Santos coll.; Venda Nova do Imigrante:-20.41433° /-41.16481°, 1 sample, 23.vii.2006, D.S. Martins coll.; Vitória:-20.31175° /-40.30522°, 1 sample, 14.xii.2015, D.S. Martins coll.

Host plants examined: Iridaceae*: Dietes bicolor (Steud.) Sweet ex Klatt**; Rutaceae: Citrus aurantium L. (syn. Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck), Citrus reticulata Blanco.

Distribution in Brazil: Amapá, Amazonas, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Maranhão, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraíba, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo.

Reference: Claps et al. (2001)CLAPS, L.E., WOLFF, V.R.S. & GONZÁLES, R.H. 2001. Catálogo de las Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) exóticas de la Argentina, Brasil y Chile. Rev Soc Entomol Argent. 60(1-4): 9-34., Silva & Jordão (2005)SILVA, R.A. & JORDÃO, A.L. 2005. Pragas dos citros no Estado do Amapá. Revista Científica Eletrônica de Agronomia da Faculdade de Ensino Superior e Formação Integral - FAEF 4: 7. http://ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/digital/bitstream/item/64817/1/AP-2005-pragas-citros.pdf (last access on 15/12/2020).
http://ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/digital/b... , Culik et al. (2008)CULIK, M.P., MARTINS, D.S., VENTURA, J.A. & WOLFF, V.R.S. 2008. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Espírito Santo, Brazil. J. Insect Sci. 8: 17. https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701... , Almeida et al. (2018)ALMEIDA, L.F.V., PERONTI, A.L.B.G., MARTINELLI, N.M. & WOLFF, V.R.S. 2018. Survey of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in citrus orchards in São Paulo, Brazil. Fla Entomol. 101(3): 353-363..

32. Pinnaspis buxi (Bouché, 1851)

Samples examined: 5

Location (municipality) records: Marataízes: 1 sample, 20.x.2005, M.P. Culik coll.; Vitória:-20.29708° /-40.29272°, 1 sample, 16.xii.2005, D.S. Martins coll.;-20.31825° /-40.32397°, 1 sample, 22.iii.2016, D.S. Martins coll.; 2 samples, 12.xii.2004, 27.iv.2005, D.S. Martins coll.

Host plants examined: Araceae: Spathiphyllum wallisii Regel**; Asparagaceae: Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A. Chev. (syn. Cordyline terminalis L. Kunth.); Iridaceae: Dietes bicolor (Steud.) Sweet ex Klatt; Malvaceae: Sida sp.

Distribution in Brazil: Bahia, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo.

Reference: Claps et al. (2001)CLAPS, L.E., WOLFF, V.R.S. & GONZÁLES, R.H. 2001. Catálogo de las Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) exóticas de la Argentina, Brasil y Chile. Rev Soc Entomol Argent. 60(1-4): 9-34., Culik et al. (2008)CULIK, M.P., MARTINS, D.S., VENTURA, J.A. & WOLFF, V.R.S. 2008. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Espírito Santo, Brazil. J. Insect Sci. 8: 17. https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701... .

33. Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley, 1899)

Samples examined: 8

Location (municipality) records: Domingos Martins:-20.36711°-40.97269°, 2 samples, 03.ix.2006, D.S. Martins coll.; Linhares:-19.15189° /-40.07081°, 1 sample, 25.xi.2006, M.P. Culik coll.; Santa Teresa:-19.95956° /-40.51122°, 1 sample, 07.ii.2016, B.C. Santos coll.; Sooretama: 1 sample, 16.v.2006, D.S. Martins coll.; Vitória:-20.29497° /-40.28650°, 1 sample, 30.iii.2015, D.S. Martins coll.; 2 samples, 15.iv.2005, 24.xii.2005, M.P. Culik coll.

Host plants examined: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica Bl.; Arecaceae: Chamaedorea seifrizii Burret (syn. Chamaedorea erumpens H.E. Moore); Malvaceae: Hibiscus mutabilis L., Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.; Moraceae: Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.; Poaceae: unidentified weed species; Rutaceae: Citrus aurantium L. (syn. Citrus paradisi Macfadyen, syn. Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck).

Distribution in Brazil: Amazonas, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo.

Reference: Carvalho & Carvalho (1939)CARVALHO, M.B. & CARVALHO, R.F. 1939. Primeira contribuição para um catálogo dos insetos de Pernambuco. Arquivos do Instituto de Pesquisas Agronômicas 2: 27-60., Foldi (1988)FOLDI, I. 1988. Nouvelle contribution a lʹetude des cochenilles de lʹAmazonie Bresilienne (Homoptera: Coccoidea). ANN SOC ENTOMOL FR. 24: 77-87., Imenes et al. (2000)IMENES, S.D.L., BERGAMANN, E.C., IDE, S. & WOLFF, V.R.S. 2000. Primeiro registro da incidência de Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley, 1899) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) em Rhapis excelsa Henry ex Rehd. (Palmae) e Nephrolepis cordifolia Presl. (Davalliaceae). 13a. Reunião Anual do Instituto Biológico, 2000, São Paulo. Arq. Inst. Biol. 67: 104., Wolff & Corseuil (1994a)WOLFF, V.R.S. & CORSEUIL, E. 1994a. Espécies de Diaspididae (Homoptera: Coccoidea) ocorrentes em plantas cítricas no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil: II - Diaspidinae. Biociências 2(1): 125-148., Culik et al. (2008CULIK, M.P., MARTINS, D.S., VENTURA, J.A. & WOLFF, V.R.S. 2008. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Espírito Santo, Brazil. J. Insect Sci. 8: 17. https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701... , 2009CULIK, M.P., VENTURA, J.A. & MARTINS, D.S. 2009. Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of pineapple in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Acta Hortic. 822: 215-218. https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2009.822.26 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2009... ), Castro et al. (2020b)CASTRO, M.T., MONTALVÃO, S.C.L. & WOLFF, V.R.S. 2020b. Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) infesting neem trees (Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Meliaceae) in Bahia, Brazil. EntomoBrasilis 13: e0880. https://doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v13.e0880 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v13.e... .

34. Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis (Green, 1896)

Samples examined: 25

Location (municipality) records: Castelo: 1 sample, 09.x.2006, R.G. Ferrão coll.; Colatina:-19.50719° /-40.55392°, 1 sample, 07.i.2016, I. Monnerat coll.; Conceição da Barra:-18.56264° /-39.74250°, 1 sample, 25.xi.2015, A.F.S. Costa coll.; Guarapari:-20.67078° /-40.50161°, 1 sample, 12.i.2016, D.S. Martins coll.;-20.67083° /-40.49656°, 1 sample, 10.iv.2016, D.S. Martins coll.;-20.67292° /-40.49936°, 1 sample, 12.i.2016, D.S. Martins coll.;-20.73136° /-40.53331°, 1 sample, 24.vi.2006, D.S. Martins coll.; Linhares:-19.41708° /-40.07936°, 1 sample, 08.vii.2016, B.C. Santos coll.;-19.64586° /-39.82447°, 1 sample, 18.vi.2016, B.C. Santos coll.; 1 sample, 10.v.2006, D.S. Martins coll.; Marilândia:-19.43386° /-40.63300°, 1 sample, 07.i.2016, I. Monnerat coll.; Pancas:-19.22381° /-40.84339°, 1 sample, 23.xii.2015, M.J. Fornazier coll.; Santa Teresa: 1 sample, 07.vii.16, B.C. Santos coll.; Sooretama:-19.21700° /-40.05192°, 1 sample, 08.vii.2016, B.C. Santos coll.; Vitória:-20.27708° /-40.29886°, 1 sample, 21.viii.2016, B.C. Santos coll.;-20.28808° /-40.29358°, 1 sample, 10.vi.2006, D.S. Martins coll.;-20.29642° /-40.29314°, 1 sample, 06.xii.2015, D.S. Martins coll.;-20.29653° /-40.29275°, 1 sample, 10.vi.2006, D.S. Martins coll.;-20.29708° /-40.29272°, 1 sample, 24.xi.2015, D.S. Martins coll.;-20.29750° /-40.29114°, 1 sample, 27.i.2016, D.S. Martins coll.;-20.30711° /-40.32128°, 1 sample, 06.xii.2015, D.S. Martins coll.;-20.30711° /-40.32128°, 1 sample, 05.ii.2016, B.C. Santos coll.;-20.31175° /-40.30522°, 1 sample, 14.xii.2015, D.S. Martins coll.;-20.31867° /-40.30536°, 1 sample, 02.vi.2016, B.C. Santos coll.; 1 sample, 19.xii.2004, D.S. Martins coll.

Host plants examined: Anacardiaceae: Anacardium occidentale L.; Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander L.; Iridaceae*: Dietes bicolor (Steud.) Sweet ex Klatt**; Lauraceae: Laurus nobilis L.; Lythraceae: Punica granatum L.; Moraceae: Ficus pumila L.; Myrtaceae: Psidium cattleianum Afzel. ex Sabine, Psidium guajava L.; Oleaceae: Olea europaea L.; Rubiaceae: Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner**, Ixora chinensis Lam.**, Ixora coccinea L.; Rutaceae: Murraya paniculata (L.) Jacq.

Distribution in Brazil: Bahia, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo.

Reference: Claps et al. (2001)CLAPS, L.E., WOLFF, V.R.S. & GONZÁLES, R.H. 2001. Catálogo de las Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) exóticas de la Argentina, Brasil y Chile. Rev Soc Entomol Argent. 60(1-4): 9-34., Culik et al. (2008CULIK, M.P., MARTINS, D.S., VENTURA, J.A. & WOLFF, V.R.S. 2008. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Espírito Santo, Brazil. J. Insect Sci. 8: 17. https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701... , 2009CULIK, M.P., VENTURA, J.A. & MARTINS, D.S. 2009. Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of pineapple in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Acta Hortic. 822: 215-218. https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2009.822.26 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2009... ).

35. Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni Tozzetti, 1886)

Samples examined: 7

Location (municipality) records: Domingos Martins:-20.37256° /-41.06356°, 3 samples, 16.i.2008, 14.xi.2011, 14.xi.2011, M.P. Culik coll.;-20.37269° /-40.97608°, 1 sample, 29.xi.2015, D.S. Martins coll.; Linhares: 1 sample, 19.v.2006, D.S. Martins coll.; Sooretama:-19.21700° /-40.05192°, 1 sample, 08.vii.2016, B.C. Santos coll.; 1 sample, 10.v.2006, D.S. Martins coll.

Host plants examined: Cannabaceae: Trema micrantha (L.) Bl.; Didiereaceae*: Portulacaria afra Jacq.**; Passifloraceae: Passiflora edulis Sims; Rosaceae: Prunus persica (L.) Stokes.

Distribution in Brazil: Bahia, Ceará, Distrito Federal (Brasília), Espírito Santo, Maranhão, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraíba, Paraná, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo.

Reference: Silva et al. (1968)SILVA, A.G.A., GONÇALVES, C.R., GALVÃO, D.M., GONÇALVES, A.J.L., GOMES, J., SILVA, M.N. & SIMONI, L. 1968. Quarto catálogo dos insetos que vivem nas plantas do Brasil seus parasitos e predadores. Parte II - 1° Tomo. Ministério da Agricultura, Rio de Janeiro., Culik et al. (2008CULIK, M.P., MARTINS, D.S., VENTURA, J.A. & WOLFF, V.R.S. 2008. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Espírito Santo, Brazil. J. Insect Sci. 8: 17. https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701... , 2011aCULIK, M.P., MARTINS, D.S. & VENTURA, J.A. 2011a. New distribution and host records of chalcidoid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Espírito Santo, Brazil. Biocontrol Sci Technol. 21(7): 877-881. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2011.588319 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2011.58... , b), Castro et al. (2020a)CASTRO, M.T., MONTALVÃO, S.C.L., PERONTI, A.L.B.G., WOLFF, V.R.S. & MONNERAT, R.G. 2020a. Mulberry (Morus nigra L., Moraceae) hosting scale insects Crypticerya brasiliensis (Hempel, 1900) (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae) and Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti, 1886) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in the Federal District, Brazil. J Agr Sci. 12(5): 89-93..

36. Pseudischnaspis bowreyi (Cockerell, 1893)

Samples examined: 2

Location (municipality) records: Linhares:-19.15189° /-40.07081°, 1 sample, 25.xi.2006, M.P. Culik coll.; Serra:-20.16889° /-40.25350°, 1 sample, 14.viii.2016, B.C. Santos coll.

Host plants examined: Myrtaceae: Eugenia stipitata Mc Vaugh**.

Distribution in Brazil: Espírito Santo, Paraiba, São Paulo.

Reference: Hempel (1900)HEMPEL, A. 1900. As coccidas brasileiras. Revista do Museu Paulista 4: 365-537., Silva et al. (1968)SILVA, A.G.A., GONÇALVES, C.R., GALVÃO, D.M., GONÇALVES, A.J.L., GOMES, J., SILVA, M.N. & SIMONI, L. 1968. Quarto catálogo dos insetos que vivem nas plantas do Brasil seus parasitos e predadores. Parte II - 1° Tomo. Ministério da Agricultura, Rio de Janeiro., Culik et al. (2008)CULIK, M.P., MARTINS, D.S., VENTURA, J.A. & WOLFF, V.R.S. 2008. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Espírito Santo, Brazil. J. Insect Sci. 8: 17. https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701... .

37. Pseudoparlatoria argentata Hempel, 1912

Samples examined: 1

Location (municipality) records: Guarapari:-20.73136° /-40.53331°, 1 sample, 24.vi.2006, D.S. Martins coll.

Host plants examined: unidentified parasitic species (Santalales)

Distribution in Brazil: Bahia, Distrito Federal (Brasília), Espírito Santo, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo.

Reference: Claps et al. (1999)CLAPS, L.E., WOLFF, V.R.S. & GONZÁLES, R.H. 1999. Catálogo de las Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) nativas de Argentina, Brasil y Chile. Insecta Mundi 13(3-4): 239-255., Wolff (2008)WOLFF, V.R.S. 2008. Revisão de Pseudoparlatoria (Hemiptera, Diaspididae). Iheringia, Série Zoologia 98(3): 291-307., Culik et al. (2008)CULIK, M.P., MARTINS, D.S., VENTURA, J.A. & WOLFF, V.R.S. 2008. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Espírito Santo, Brazil. J. Insect Sci. 8: 17. https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701... , Castro et al. (2020c)CASTRO, M.T., MONTALVÃO, S.C.L., WOLFF, V.R.S. & MONNERAT, R.G. 2020c. First association of scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) with Salacia crassifolia (Mart. Ex.Schult.) G. Don. (Celastraceae). Insecta Mundi 0774: 1-5..

38. Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides (Comstock, 1883)

Samples examined: 2

Location (municipality) records: Alfredo Chaves: 1 sample, 06.vii.2004, D.S. Martins coll.; Vila Velha: 1 sample, 28.v.2012, M.P. Culik coll.

Host plants examined: Myrtaceae: Plinia cauliflora (DC.) Kausel (syn. Myrciaria jaboticaba (Vell.) O. Berg, Psidium guajava L.

Distribution in Brazil: Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo.

Reference: Wolff (2008)WOLFF, V.R.S. 2008. Revisão de Pseudoparlatoria (Hemiptera, Diaspididae). Iheringia, Série Zoologia 98(3): 291-307., Culik et al. (2008)CULIK, M.P., MARTINS, D.S., VENTURA, J.A. & WOLFF, V.R.S. 2008. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Espírito Santo, Brazil. J. Insect Sci. 8: 17. https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701... .

39. Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan, 1889)

Samples examined: 25

Location (municipality) records: Aracruz: 1 sample, 18.xii.2005, D.S. Martins coll.; Domingos Martins:-20.36878° /-40.97467°, 1 sample, 24.iv.2005, D.S. Martins coll.; Guaçui: 2 samples, 12.i.2006, 07.iii.2006, H. Costa coll.; João Neiva: 1 sample, 01.vi.2004, D.S. Martins coll.; Linhares:-19.15189° /-40.07081°, 5 samples, 25.xi.2006, M.P. Culik coll.;-19.41708° /-40.07936°, 1 sample, 08.vii.2016, B.C. Santos coll.; Presidente Kennedy:-21.27861° /-40.96400°, 1 sample, 16.iv.2017, B.C. Santos coll.;-21.27861° /-40.96400°, 2 samples, 22.xii.2016, 14.iv.2017, B.C. Santos coll.; Santa Teresa:-19.95956° /-40.51122°, 2 samples, 08.ii.2016, 09.ii.2016, B.C. Santos coll.; 1 sample, 07.vii.2016, B.C. Santos coll.; Serra:-20.16889° /-40.25350°, 1 sample, 14.viii.2016, B.C. Santos coll.;-20.17311° /-40.25742°, 1 sample, 07.iv.2016, B.C. Santos coll.;-20,21047° /-40,27297°, 1 sample, 07.ix.2016, B.C. Santos coll.;-20.21167° /-40.27153°, 3 samples, 07.ix.2016, B.C. Santos coll.;-20.24503° /-40.26144°, 1 sample, 18.ix.2016, B.C. Santos coll.; Vitória:-20.25233° /-40.27319°, 1 sample, 11.vii.2016, B.C. Santos coll.

Host plants examined: Annonaceae: Annona atemoya Mabb.**; Apocynaceae: Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult.** (syn. Ervatamia coronaria (Jacq.) Stapf); Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera L., Dypsis lutescens (H. Wendl.) Beentje & J. Dransf.; Malpighiaceae: Malpighia emarginata [Moc. & Sesse] ex DC.**; Malvaceae: Theobroma cacao L.**; Myrtaceae: Eugenia uniflora L.**; Oleaceae: Ligustrum sp.**, Olea europaea L.; Oxalidaceae: Averrhoa carambola L.; Passifloraceae: Passiflora edulis Sims; Rutaceae: Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle (syn. Citrus limettioides Tanaka), Citrus aurantium L. (syn. Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck), Citrus latifolia (Tanaka ex Yu. Tanaka) Tanaka**, Citrus reticulata Blanco; Sapotaceae: Labramia bojeri A. DC.**; Solanaceae: Brunfelsia uniflora (Pohl) D.Don**.

Distribution in Brazil: Amapá, Amazonas, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Pará, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, São Paulo.

Reference: Perruso & Cassino (1993)PERRUSO, J.C. & CASSINO, P.C.R. 1993. Flutuação populacional de Selenaspidus articulatus (Morg.) (Homptera: Diaspididae) em Citrus sinensis (L.) no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. An. Soc. Entomol. Bras. 22(2): 401-404., Claps et al. (2001)CLAPS, L.E., WOLFF, V.R.S. & GONZÁLES, R.H. 2001. Catálogo de las Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) exóticas de la Argentina, Brasil y Chile. Rev Soc Entomol Argent. 60(1-4): 9-34., Martins et al. (2004MARTINS, D.S., CULIK, M.P. & WOLFF, V.R.S. 2004. New record of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) as pests of papaya in Brazil. Neotrop. Entomol. 33(5): 655-657., 2015), Silva & Jordão (2005)SILVA, R.A. & JORDÃO, A.L. 2005. Pragas dos citros no Estado do Amapá. Revista Científica Eletrônica de Agronomia da Faculdade de Ensino Superior e Formação Integral - FAEF 4: 7. http://ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/digital/bitstream/item/64817/1/AP-2005-pragas-citros.pdf (last access on 15/12/2020).
http://ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/digital/b... , Culik et al. (2008)CULIK, M.P., MARTINS, D.S., VENTURA, J.A. & WOLFF, V.R.S. 2008. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Espírito Santo, Brazil. J. Insect Sci. 8: 17. https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701... , Silva et al. (2020)SILVA, J.F., PEREIRA, J.M., CHAGAS, D.F., CARDOSO, V.P. & RODRIGUES, D.O. 2020. Population Fluctuation of Selenaspidus articulatus Morgan (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in Rubber Tree. Floresta e Ambiente 27(1): e20170735 (last access on 15/12/2020)..

40. Thysanofiorinia nephelii (Maskell, 1897)

Samples examined: 2

Location (municipality) records: Domingos Martins:-20.37256° /-41.06356°, 1 sample, 27.i.2012, M.P. Culik coll.; Venda Nova do Imigrante:-20.33964° /-41.11533°, 1 sample, 10.xi.2011, M.P. Culik coll.

Host plants examined: Sapindaceae: Litchi chinensis Sonner.

Distribution in Brazil: Espírito Santo (new state record), Rio de Janeiro.

Reference: Claps et al. (2001)CLAPS, L.E., WOLFF, V.R.S. & GONZÁLES, R.H. 2001. Catálogo de las Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) exóticas de la Argentina, Brasil y Chile. Rev Soc Entomol Argent. 60(1-4): 9-34..

41. Unaspis citri (Comstock, 1883)

Samples examined: 10

Location (municipality) records: Domingos Martins:-20.36861° /-40.97425°, 3 samples, 27.iii.2016, 27.iii.2016, 28.xi.2015, D.S. Martins coll.;-20.37256° /-41.06356°, 1 sample, 11.iii.2012, M.P. Culik coll.; 1 sample, 23.viii.2007, M.P. Culik coll.; Fundão: 2 samples, 27.iv.2006, M.P. Culik coll.; Linhares:-19.15189° /-40.07081°, 1 sample, 25.xi.2006, M.P. Culik coll.; Santa Maria de Jetibá: 1 sample, 22.iv.2016, D.S. Martins coll.; Santa Teresa:-19.95956° /-40.51122°, 1 sample, 09.ii.2016, B.C. Santos coll.

Host plants examined: Rutaceae: Citrus aurantium L. (syn. Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck), Citrus latifolia (Tanaka ex Yu. Tanaka) Tanaka**, Citrus reticulata Blanco.

Distribution in Brazil: Alagoas, Espírito Santo, Mato Grosso, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo.

Reference: Claps et al. (2001)CLAPS, L.E., WOLFF, V.R.S. & GONZÁLES, R.H. 2001. Catálogo de las Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) exóticas de la Argentina, Brasil y Chile. Rev Soc Entomol Argent. 60(1-4): 9-34., Culik et al. (2008CULIK, M.P., MARTINS, D.S., VENTURA, J.A. & WOLFF, V.R.S. 2008. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Espírito Santo, Brazil. J. Insect Sci. 8: 17. https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701... , 2009CULIK, M.P., VENTURA, J.A. & MARTINS, D.S. 2009. Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of pineapple in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Acta Hortic. 822: 215-218. https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2009.822.26 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2009... , 2011bCULIK, M.P., WOLFF, V.R.S., PERONTI, A.L.B.G., BEN-DOV, Y. & VENTURA, J.A. 2011b. Hemiptera, Coccoidea: distribution extension and new records for the states of Espírito Santo, Ceará, and Pernambuco, Brazil. Check List 7(4): 567-570.), Ferreira et al. (2013)FERREIRA, J.T.P., FERREIRA, E.P., SILVA, W.C., MONTEIRO, J.H.A., ROCHA, I.T.M., ALBUQUERQUE, K.N. & PANTALEÃO, F.S. 2013. Estudo fitossanitário em pomares de laranja lima (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.) em Santana do Mundaú-AL. Agropecuária Científica no Semiárido 9(1): 67-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.30969/acsa.v9i1.265 (last access on 25/05/2021).
http://dx.doi.org/10.30969/acsa.v9i1.265... .

Discussion

Acutaspis perseae (Comstock), Acutaspis umbonifera (Newstead), Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), Comstockaspis perniciosa (Comstock), Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman), Lepidosaphes gloverii (Packard), Morganella longispina (Morgan), Mycetaspis apicata (Newstead) and Thysanofiorinia nephelii (Maskel) were recorded for the first time in the state. Costalimaspis eugeniae (Silva et al. 1968SILVA, A.G.A., GONÇALVES, C.R., GALVÃO, D.M., GONÇALVES, A.J.L., GOMES, J., SILVA, M.N. & SIMONI, L. 1968. Quarto catálogo dos insetos que vivem nas plantas do Brasil seus parasitos e predadores. Parte II - 1° Tomo. Ministério da Agricultura, Rio de Janeiro., Claps et al. 1999CLAPS, L.E., WOLFF, V.R.S. & GONZÁLES, R.H. 1999. Catálogo de las Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) nativas de Argentina, Brasil y Chile. Insecta Mundi 13(3-4): 239-255.) was the only species of diaspidid not observed in the present study that has previously been noted in Espírito Santo.

Fifty-seven new host associations were observed, across a total of 25 species of diaspidids; these include 13 new family records acros a total of 11 diaspidid species and 9 plant families: A. perseae on Malpighiaceae (Malpighia emarginata [Moc. & Sesse] ex DC.) and Myrtaceae (Eugenia uniflora L.); A. umbonifera on Asparagaceae (Yucca gigantea Lem.); Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam) on Myrtaceae (Psidium guajava L.); Diaspis bromeliae (Kerner) on Myrtaceae (Plinia cauliflora (DC.) Kausel); Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni Tozzetti) on Iridaceae (Dietes bicolor (Steud.) Sweet ex Klatt); Hemiberlesia cyanophylli (Signoret) on Clusiaceae (Clusia fluminensis Planch. & Triana) and Vitaceae (Vitis vinifera L.); I. longirostris on Davalliaceae (Davallia fejeensis Hook.); M. apicata on Arecaceae (Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb.); Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret) and Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis (Green) on Iridaceae (Dietes bicolor (Steud.) Sweet ex Klatt); and P. pentagona on Didiereaceae (Portulacaria afra Jacq.).

The plant families Myrtaceae, Moraceae, Arecaceae, Asparagaceae, and Rutaceae had the greatest number of host plant species of diaspidids collected in the present study. However, worldwide the plant families with the greatest number of associated diapsid species are Fabaceae, Poaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Myrtaceae, Rosaceae, Moraceae, Oleaceae, Arecaceae, and Rutaceae (García Morales et al. 2016GARCÍA MORALES, M., DENNO, B.D., MILLER, D.R., MILLER, G.L., BEN-DOV, Y. & HARDY, N.B. 2016. ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. Doi: 10.1093/database/bav118. 2016. http://scalenet.info (last access on 28/05/2021).
http://scalenet.info... ). The diaspidid Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan) was observed to be the most polyphagous species and was associated 17 host plant species of 12 families in the preset study, followed by P. trilobitiformis (associated with 13 plant species of 9 families), and Parlatoria proteus (associated with 12 plant species of 9 families). In a study of diaspids in tropical forests (Rainforest) of Panama (Central America) S. articulatus was also the most polyphagous species. (Normark et al., 2014NORMARK, B.B., MORSE, G.E., KREWINSKI, A. & OKUSU, A. 2014. Armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) of San Lorenzo National Park, Panama, with descriptions of two new species. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 107: 37-49.; Peterson et al., 2020PETERSON, D.A., HARDY, N.B., MORSE, G.E., ITIOKA, T., WEI, J. & NORMARK, B.B. 2020. Nonadaptive host-use specificity in tropical armored scale insects. Ecol. Evol. 10: 12910-12919.).

Some species of diaspidids stand out in Espírito Santo because of the damage that they cause to agricultural crops of great socioeconomic importance in the state. Aonidiella comperei is the most important diaspidid pest in Espírito Santo because of the great damage it causes to papaya, the principal fruit of exportation of the state (Ibge 2020IBGE. 2020. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Grupo de Coordenação de Estatísticas Agropecuárias - GCEA/IBGE, Diretoria de Pesquisas, Coordenação de Agropecuária. Levantamento Sistemático da Produção Agrícola - LSPA. https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/economicas/agricultura-e-pecuaria/9201-levantamento-sistematico-da-producao-agricola.html (last access on 14/03/2020).
https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/eco... , Agrostar 2020AGROSTAT. 2020. Estatísticas de Comércio Exterior do Agronegócio Brasileiro. MAPA. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e do Abastecimento. http://indicadores.agricultura.gov.br/agrostat/index.htm (last access on 14/03/2020).
http://indicadores.agricultura.gov.br/ag... ). This species is widespread and common in the main papaya producing regions of Brazil, causing damage to the trunks and fruits of papaya, and because of its rapid multiplication and spread in fields, it has been the most important scale insect pest of papaya in Brazil (Martins et al. 2015MARTINS, D.S., FORNAZIER, M.J., CULIK, M.P., VENTURA, J.A., FERREIRA, P.S.F. & ZANUNCIO, J.C. 2015. Scale insect (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) pests of papaya (Carica papaya) in Brazil. Ann Entomol Soc Am. 108(1): 35-42. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/sau010 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/sau010... ); D. boisduvalii, D. bromeliae, and M. smilacis are important pests in the culture of pineapple (Culik et al. 2009CULIK, M.P., VENTURA, J.A. & MARTINS, D.S. 2009. Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of pineapple in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Acta Hortic. 822: 215-218. https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2009.822.26 (last access on 25/05/2021).
https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2009... ); P. trilobitiformis is associated with conilon coffee (Coffea canephora) (Silva et al. 2019SILVA, A.E.S., MASO, L.J., COSTA, E.B., BASSANI, L.A. & GALEANO, E.A.V. 2019. Economic and social importance of conilon coffee in the state of Espírito Santo. In Conilon Coffee (R.G. Ferrão, A.F.A. Fonseca, M.A.G. Ferrão & L.H. De Muner, eds). Incaper, Vitória, ES, Brazil, p. 51-69.); C. perniciosa and P. pentagona infest the peach crop in the Serrana Region of Espírito Santo (Fornazier et al. 1987FORNAZIER, M.J., COSTA, A.N. & DESSAUNE FILHO, N. 1987. Avaliação de cultivares de pessegueiro ao ataque de grafolita e cochonilha branca. Anais do Congresso Brasileiro de Entomologia 11: 489.). In the present study diaspidids were also found in many other crops of economic importance in Espírito Santo state including acerola, cacao, citrus (lemon, orange, and tangerine), coconut, guava, lichee, mango, passionfruit, and grape.

With the nine new records of diaspidids observed in the present study, 41 species are now recorded in this Espírito Santo state, Brazil which is slightly more than 25% of the 163 species which have been recorded in this country (García Morales et al. 2016GARCÍA MORALES, M., DENNO, B.D., MILLER, D.R., MILLER, G.L., BEN-DOV, Y. & HARDY, N.B. 2016. ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. Doi: 10.1093/database/bav118. 2016. http://scalenet.info (last access on 28/05/2021).
http://scalenet.info... ).

Acknowledgments

J.A. Ventura was granted the research productivity award from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Grant #308631/2016-1. The Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e Inovação do Espírito Santo (FAPES), for the financial support research grants to the first (Process: 2020-XV0MS), third and fourth authors. We also thank to Margareth Cock Passoni for her initiative and dedication to obtain rare publications in the libraries, that were essential in this study.

References

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Edited by

Associate Editor José Mermudes

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
04 July 2022
Date of issue
2022

History

Received
30 July 2021
Accepted
31 May 2022

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

[1] AGROSTAT. 2020. Estatísticas de Comércio Exterior do Agronegócio Brasileiro. MAPA. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e do Abastecimento. http://indicadores.agricultura.gov.br/agrostat/index.htm (last access on 14/03/2020).
» http://indicadores.agricultura.gov.br/agrostat/index.htm

[2] ALMEIDA, L.F.V., PERONTI, A.L.B.G., MARTINELLI, N.M. & WOLFF, V.R.S. 2018. Survey of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in citrus orchards in São Paulo, Brazil. Fla Entomol. 101(3): 353-363.

[3] AZEVEDO, A. 1923. Insectos nocivos às principaes culturas do Estado da Bahia. Correio Agricola 1(6-7): 151-155.

[4] BALACHOWSKY, A.S. 1954. Les cochenilles Paléarctiques de la tribu des Diaspidini. Mémoires Scientifiques de lʹInstitut Pasteur Paris. 450.

[5] BEN-DOV, Y. 1988. A taxonomic analysis of the armored scale tribe Odonaspidini of the world (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae). United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin, n. 1723.

[6] CARVALHO, M.B. & CARVALHO, R.F. 1939. Primeira contribuição para um catálogo dos insetos de Pernambuco. Arquivos do Instituto de Pesquisas Agronômicas 2: 27-60.

[7] CASTRO, M.T., MONTALVÃO, S.C.L., PERONTI, A.L.B.G., WOLFF, V.R.S. & MONNERAT, R.G. 2020a. Mulberry (Morus nigra L., Moraceae) hosting scale insects Crypticerya brasiliensis (Hempel, 1900) (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae) and Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti, 1886) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in the Federal District, Brazil. J Agr Sci. 12(5): 89-93.

[8] CASTRO, M.T., MONTALVÃO, S.C.L. & WOLFF, V.R.S. 2020b. Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) infesting neem trees (Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Meliaceae) in Bahia, Brazil. EntomoBrasilis 13: e0880. https://doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v13.e0880 (last access on 25/05/2021).
» https://doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v13.e0880

[9] CASTRO, M.T., MONTALVÃO, S.C.L., WOLFF, V.R.S. & MONNERAT, R.G. 2020c. First association of scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) with Salacia crassifolia (Mart. Ex.Schult.) G. Don. (Celastraceae). Insecta Mundi 0774: 1-5.

[10] CATALOGUE OF LIFE WEBSITE. 2020. Catalogue of Life: 25 Feb 2020. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/ (last access on 15/04/2020).
» http://www.catalogueoflife.org/

[11] CLAPS, L.E., WOLFF, V.R.S. & GONZÁLES, R.H. 1999. Catálogo de las Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) nativas de Argentina, Brasil y Chile. Insecta Mundi 13(3-4): 239-255.

[12] CLAPS, L.E., WOLFF, V.R.S. & GONZÁLES, R.H. 2001. Catálogo de las Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) exóticas de la Argentina, Brasil y Chile. Rev Soc Entomol Argent. 60(1-4): 9-34.

[13] CORSEUIL, E. & SILVA, T.L. 1971. A tribo Diaspidini no Rio Grande do Sul (Homoptera, Diaspididae). Arquivos do Museu Nacional 54: 109-112.

[14] CULIK, M.P., MARTINS, D.S. & VENTURA, J.A. 2011a. New distribution and host records of chalcidoid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Espírito Santo, Brazil. Biocontrol Sci Technol. 21(7): 877-881. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2011.588319 (last access on 25/05/2021).
» https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2011.588319

[15] CULIK, M.P., MARTINS, D.S., VENTURA, J.A. & WOLFF, V.R.S. 2008. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Espírito Santo, Brazil. J. Insect Sci. 8: 17. https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701 (last access on 25/05/2021).
» https://doi.org/10.1673/031.008.1701

[16] CULIK, M.P., VENTURA, J.A. & MARTINS, D.S. 2009. Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of pineapple in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Acta Hortic. 822: 215-218. https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2009.822.26 (last access on 25/05/2021).
» https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2009.822.26

[17] CULIK, M.P., WOLFF, V.R.S., PERONTI, A.L.B.G., BEN-DOV, Y. & VENTURA, J.A. 2011b. Hemiptera, Coccoidea: distribution extension and new records for the states of Espírito Santo, Ceará, and Pernambuco, Brazil. Check List 7(4): 567-570.

[18] FERREIRA, J.T.P., FERREIRA, E.P., SILVA, W.C., MONTEIRO, J.H.A., ROCHA, I.T.M., ALBUQUERQUE, K.N. & PANTALEÃO, F.S. 2013. Estudo fitossanitário em pomares de laranja lima (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.) em Santana do Mundaú-AL. Agropecuária Científica no Semiárido 9(1): 67-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.30969/acsa.v9i1.265 (last access on 25/05/2021).
» http://dx.doi.org/10.30969/acsa.v9i1.265

[19] FERRIS, G.F. 1937. Atlas of the scale insects of North America. 1. Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, California.

[20] FERRIS, G.F. 1938. Atlas of the scale insects of North America. 2. Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, California.

[21] FERRIS, G.F. 1941. Atlas of the Scale Insects of North America (Ser. 3). 3. Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, California.

[22] FERRIS, G.F. 1942. Atlas of the scale insects of North America. 4. Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, California.

[23] FOLDI, I. 1988. Nouvelle contribution a lʹetude des cochenilles de lʹAmazonie Bresilienne (Homoptera: Coccoidea). ANN SOC ENTOMOL FR. 24: 77-87.

[24] FONSECA, J.P. 1965. Uma cochonilha de escama recentemente observada em laranjais de São Paulo. O Biológico 31(5): 216-219.

[25] FORNAZIER, M.J., COSTA, A.N. & DESSAUNE FILHO, N. 1987. Avaliação de cultivares de pessegueiro ao ataque de grafolita e cochonilha branca. Anais do Congresso Brasileiro de Entomologia 11: 489.

[26] GARCÍA MORALES, M., DENNO, B.D., MILLER, D.R., MILLER, G.L., BEN-DOV, Y. & HARDY, N.B. 2016. ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. Doi: 10.1093/database/bav118. 2016. http://scalenet.info (last access on 28/05/2021).
» https://doi.org/10.1093/database/bav118 » http://scalenet.info

[27] HEMPEL, A. 1900. As coccidas brasileiras. Revista do Museu Paulista 4: 365-537.

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Brasil

Brasil

Diversity, distribution and host plants of armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in Espírito Santo, Brazil

Diversidade, distribuição e plantas hospedeiras de cochonilhas escama (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) no Espírito Santo, Brasil

Abstract:

Resumo:

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Results

1. Acutaspis perseae (Comstock, 1881)

2. Acutaspis umbonifera (Newstead, 1920)

3. Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell, 1879)

4. Aonidiella comperei McKenzie, 1937MCKENZIE, H.L. 1937. Morphological differences distinguishing California red scale, yellow scale, and related species (Homoptera, Diaspididae). University of California Publications in Entomology 6: 323-335.

5. Aspidiotus destructor Signoret, 1869

6. Aspidiotus nerii Bouche, 1833

7. Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead, 1906

8. Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus, 1758)

9. Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan, 1889)

10. Comstockaspis perniciosa (Comstock, 1881)

11. Costalimaspis eugeniae Lepage, 1937

12. Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam, 1878)

13. Diaspis boisduvalii (Signoret, 1869)

14. Diaspis bromeliae Kerner, 1778

15. Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni Tozzetti, 1867)

16. Furcaspis biformis (Cockerell, 1893)

17. Hemiberlesia cyanophylli (Signoret, 1869)

18. Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret, 1869)

19. Hemiberlesia palmae (Cockerell, 1893)

20. Howardia biclavis (Comstock, 1883)

21. Ischnaspis longirostris (Signoret, 1882)

22. Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman, 1869)

23. Lepidosaphes gloverii (Packard, 1869)

24. Melanaspis smilacis (Comstock, 1883)

25. Morganella longispina (Morgan, 1889)

26. Mycetaspis apicata (Newstead, 1920)

27. Odonaspis ruthae Kotinsky, 1915

28. Parlatoria cinerea Hadden in Doane & Hadden, 1909

29. Parlatoria pergandii Comstock, 1881

30. Parlatoria proteus (Curtis, 1843)

31. Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret, 1869)

32. Pinnaspis buxi (Bouché, 1851)

33. Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley, 1899)

34. Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis (Green, 1896)

35. Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni Tozzetti, 1886)

36. Pseudischnaspis bowreyi (Cockerell, 1893)

37. Pseudoparlatoria argentata Hempel, 1912

38. Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides (Comstock, 1883)

39. Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan, 1889)

40. Thysanofiorinia nephelii (Maskell, 1897)

41. Unaspis citri (Comstock, 1883)

Discussion

Acknowledgments

References

Edited by

Publication Dates

History