Abstract:

This work presents a floristic survey of the subfamilies Bombacoideae, Byttnerioideae, Grewioideae and Helicterioideae (Malvaceae s.l.) in the Raso da Catarina Ecoregion (RCE), Bahia, Brazil. The samples analyzed were collected from September 2013 to May 2015. The analyses were supplemented with dried collections kept in the herbaria: ALCB, HRB, HUEFS, HUNEB, HST, IPA, PEUFR, R and RB. The identifications were based mainly on specialized bibliographies, protologues, types and herbaria collections. Ten genera and 22 species of the subfamilies were recorded, nine endemic to Brazil. Waltheria L. was the most representative genus with five species, followed by Ceiba Mill. and Melochia L. with three species each, Helicteres L., Luehea Willd., Pachira Aubl. and Pseudobombax Dugand presented two species each and other genera were represented by one species each. Among the species recorded, Luehea candicans Mart. represents a new record for the Caatinga biome. The species most commonly found in the study area were Helicteres velutina K.Schum., Melochia tomentosa L., Waltheria brachypetala Turcz., W. indica L. and W. rotundifolia Schrank. The taxonomic treatment includes identification key, descriptions, illustrations, photos, geographical distribution, reproductive phenology and comments about all studied species.

Keywords: biodiversity, Caatinga, morphology, semiarid, taxonomy.

Keywords:
biodiversity; Caatinga; morphology; semiarid; taxonomy

Resumo:

Este trabalho apresenta o levantamento florístico das subfamílias Bombacoideae, Byttnerioideae, Grewioideae e Helicterioideae (Malvaceae s.l.) na Ecorregião Raso da Catarina, Bahia, Brasil. Os espécimes analisados foram coletados no período de setembro/2013 a maio/2015. As análises foram complementadas com coleções herborizadas depositadas nos herbários: ALCB, HRB, HUEFS, HUNEB, HST, IPA, PEUFR, R e RB. As identificações foram realizadas com base, principalmente, em bibliografias especializadas, protólogos, imagens de coleções-tipo e consultas às coleções dos herbários visitados. Foram registrados 10 gêneros e 22 espécies para as subfamílias, sendo nove endêmicas do Brasil. Waltheria L. foi o gênero mais representativo com cinco espécies, seguido por Ceiba Mill. e Melochia L. com três espécies cada, Helicteres L., Luehea Willd., Pachira Aubl. e Pseudobombax Dugand apresentaram duas espécies cada e os demais gêneros foram representados cada um por uma única espécie. Entre as espécies catalogadas, Luehea candicans Mart. é um novo registro para o bioma Caatinga As espécies mais frequentes na área de estudo foram Helicteres velutina K.Schum., Melochia tomentosa L., Waltheria brachypetala Turcz., W. indica L. e W. rotundifolia Schrank. O tratamento taxonômico inclui uma chave para a identificação, descrições, ilustrações, fotografias, dados de distribuição geográfica, fenologia reprodutiva e comentários sobre todas as espécies estudadas.

Palavras-chave:
biodiversidade; Caatinga; morfologia; semiárido; taxonomia

Introduction

The family Malvaceae, as currently circumscribed, has a Cosmopolitan distribution, but is predominantly Pantropical, comprising about 250 genera and 4,200 species (Bayer & Kubitzki 2003BAYER, C. & KUBITZKI, K. 2003. Malvaceae. In The families and genera of vascular plants. flowering plants dicotyledons. Malvales, Capparales and non-betalain Caryophyllales. (K. Kubitzki & C. Bayer, eds). Springer-Verlag, Berlin. v.5, p.225-311.). There are about 73 genera and 783 species in Brazil, of which approximately 290 are distributed in the Northeast Region and 161 in the Caatinga, with more than 50% of the species that occur in the country being endemic (Bovini et al. 2015BOVINI, M.G., ESTEVES, G., DUARTE, M.C., TAKEUCHI, C., KUNTZ, J. 2015. Malvaceae. In Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/floradobrasil/FB156. (last access in 13/04/2018).
http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/f... , BFG 2015BFG - The Brazil Flora Group 2015. Growing knowledge: an overview of seed plant diversity in Brazil. Rodriguésia 66(4):1085-1113.).

In traditional classification systems, Malvaceae, Bombacaceae, Sterculiaceae and Tiliaceae were included in the order Malvales as distinct families (Dahlgren 1980DAHLGREN, R.M.T. 1980. A revised system of classification of angiospems. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 80(2):91-124., Takhtajan 1980TAKHTAJAN, A.L. 1980. Outline of the classification of the flowering plants (Magnoliophyta). Bot. Rev. 46(3):225-359., Cronquist 1988CRONQUIST, A. 1988. The evolution and classification of flowering plants. The New York Botanical Garden, New York.). However, in recent decades, morphological, anatomical, palynological and chemical studies (Judd & Manchester 1997JUDD, W.S. & MANCHESTER, S.R. 1997. Circumscription of Malvaceae (Malvales) as determined by a preliminary cladistic analysis of morphological, anatomical, palynological, and chemical characters. Brittonia 49(3):384-405.), associated with phylogenetic analyses based on molecular data (Alverson et al. 1999ALVERSON, W.S., WHITLOCK, B.A., NYFFELER, R., BAYER, C. & BAUM, D.A. 1999. Phylogeny of the core Malvales: evidence from ndhF sequence data. Amer. J. Bot. 86(10):1774-1486., Bayer et al. 1999BAYER, C., FAY, M.F., DE BRUIJIN, A.Y., SAVOLAINEN, V., MORTON, C.M., KUBITZKI, K., ALVERSON, W.S. & CHASE, M.W. 1999. Support for an expanded family concept of Malvaceae within a recircunscribed order Malvales: a combined analysis of plastid atpB and rbcL DNA sequences. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 129 (4):267-303., Nyffeler et al. 2005NYFFELER, R., BAYER, C., ALVERSON, W.S., YEN, A., WHITLOCK, B.A., CHASE, M.W. & BAUM, D.A. 2005. Phylogenetic analysis of the Malvadendrina clade (Malvaceae s.l.) based on plastid DNA sequences. Org., Divers. & Evol. 5:109-123.), have shown that the separation of these four families is inconsistent. For this reason, Bombacaceae, Sterculiaceae and Tiliaceae were circumscribed within Malvaceae s.l., a monophyletic group characterized by the presence of nectaries consisting of glandular trichomes located internally at the base of the calyx or, less commonly, on the petals or androgynophore (Judd & Manchester 1997JUDD, W.S. & MANCHESTER, S.R. 1997. Circumscription of Malvaceae (Malvales) as determined by a preliminary cladistic analysis of morphological, anatomical, palynological, and chemical characters. Brittonia 49(3):384-405., Bayer et al. 1999BAYER, C., FAY, M.F., DE BRUIJIN, A.Y., SAVOLAINEN, V., MORTON, C.M., KUBITZKI, K., ALVERSON, W.S. & CHASE, M.W. 1999. Support for an expanded family concept of Malvaceae within a recircunscribed order Malvales: a combined analysis of plastid atpB and rbcL DNA sequences. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 129 (4):267-303., Vogel 2000VOGEL, S. 2000. The floral nectaries of Malvaceae sensu lato - a conspectus. Kurtziana 28:155-171., Judd et al. 2009JUDD, W.S., CAMPBELL, C.S., KELLOG, E.E., STEVENS, P. & DONOGHUE, M.J. 2009. Sistemática Vegetal um enfoque filogenético. 3 ed. Artmed, Porto Alegre.).

Phylogenetic studies based on molecular data of Malvaceae s.l. recognized nine subfamilies. Of these, Bombacoideae includes the remnants of Bombacaceae, after the removal of two tribes, and along with Malvoideae form a well-sustained clade called Malvatheca. Byttnerioideae contains the tribes Byttnereae, Hermannieae, Lasiopetaleae and Theobromeae (cacau and allies of the family Sterculiaceae), and Grewioideae consists of the tribes Grewieae and Sparrmannie, previously treated in Tiliaceae. Together Byttnerioideae and Grewioideae form the Byttneriina clade. The subfamily Helicteroideae consists of the tribe Helictereae (formerly classified in Sterculiaceae) and Durioneae (formerly classified in Bombacaceae) (Alverson et al. 1999ALVERSON, W.S., WHITLOCK, B.A., NYFFELER, R., BAYER, C. & BAUM, D.A. 1999. Phylogeny of the core Malvales: evidence from ndhF sequence data. Amer. J. Bot. 86(10):1774-1486., Bayer et al. 1999BAYER, C., FAY, M.F., DE BRUIJIN, A.Y., SAVOLAINEN, V., MORTON, C.M., KUBITZKI, K., ALVERSON, W.S. & CHASE, M.W. 1999. Support for an expanded family concept of Malvaceae within a recircunscribed order Malvales: a combined analysis of plastid atpB and rbcL DNA sequences. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 129 (4):267-303., Bayer & Kubitzki 2003BAYER, C. & KUBITZKI, K. 2003. Malvaceae. In The families and genera of vascular plants. flowering plants dicotyledons. Malvales, Capparales and non-betalain Caryophyllales. (K. Kubitzki & C. Bayer, eds). Springer-Verlag, Berlin. v.5, p.225-311., Baum et al. 2004BAUM, D.A., SMITH, S.D.W., YEN, A., ALVERSON, W.S., NYFFELER, R., WHITLOCK, B.A. & OLDHAM, R.L. 2004. Phylogenetic relationship of Malvatheca (Bombacoideae and Malvoideae; Malvaceae sensu lato) as inferred from plastid DNA sequences. Am. J. Bot. 91(11):1863-1871.).

The subfamilies of Malvaceae are distributed in tropical regions of the New and Old World, except for Tilioideae, which occurs in the Northern Hemisphere; Bombacoideae, which is mainly Neotropical but with some representatives in the tropics of the Old World; and Malvoideae, which occurs in temperate regions of all continents, but predominantly in tropical regions of the New World (Bayer & Kubitzki 2003BAYER, C. & KUBITZKI, K. 2003. Malvaceae. In The families and genera of vascular plants. flowering plants dicotyledons. Malvales, Capparales and non-betalain Caryophyllales. (K. Kubitzki & C. Bayer, eds). Springer-Verlag, Berlin. v.5, p.225-311.). In Brazil, the subfamilies are represented throughout the country and among all phytogeographic domains (Bovini et al. 2015BOVINI, M.G. 2015. Corchorus. In Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/floradobrasil/FB9042 (last access in 13/04/2018).
http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/f... ). Many of these species are of great economic importance, such as cacau (Theobroma cacao L.) and cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) K.Schum.), which are used for food and medicine; and the paineiras [Ceiba speciosa (A.St.-Hil., A.Juss. & Cambess.) Ravenna and C. pubiflora (A.St.-Hil.) K.Schum.] and carolina [Pachira aquatica Aubl.], which stand out as ornamentals. The African species Baobá (Adansonia digitata L.) is considered one of the most robust on the planet. Notable in natural ecosystems are the genera Luehea Willd., common in seasonal forests; Helicteres L. in the Cerrado and flooded areas; Triumfetta L. and Waltheria L., which have species considered invasive of crops; the barrigudas (Cavanillesia Ruiz & Pav. e Ceiba Mill.) and embiruçus (Pseudobombax Dugand) in the Caatinga, which are important producers of fiber (Sampaio et al. 2005SAMPAIO, E.V.S.B., PARYEN, F.G.C., FIGUEIRÔA, J.M. & JUNIOR, A.G.S. 2005. Espécies da flora nordestina de importância econômica potencial. Associação Plantas do Nordeste, Recife., Lorenzi & Matos 2008LORENZI, H. & MATOS, F.J.A. 2008. Plantas Medicinais no Brasil. 2 ed. Instituto Plantarum, São Paulo., Souza & Lorenzi 2012SOUZA, V.C. & LORENZI, H. 2012. Botânica Sistemática: Guia ilustrado para identificação das famílias de Fanerógamas nativas e exóticas no Brasil, baseado em APG III. 3 ed. Instituto Plantarum, Nova Odessa., Kinupp & Lorenzi 2014KINUPP, V.F. & LORENZI, H. 2014. Plantas alimentícias não conveincionais (PANC) no Brasil. Instituto Plantarum, São Paulo.).

Some taxonomic studies of the genera subordinate to these subfamilies include the reviews like Triumfetta L. (Lay 1950LAY, K.K. 1950. The American Species of Triumfetta L. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard 37:315-395.), Bombax L. (Robyns 1963ROBYNS, A. 1963. Essai de Monographie du genre Bombax s.l. (Bombacaceae). Bull. Jard. Bot. Etat 33(1):1-311.), Ceiba Mill (Gibbs & Semir 2003GIBBS, P.E. & SEMIR, J. 2003. A Taxonomic Revision of the genus Ceiba Mill. (Bombacaceae). Anal. Jard. Bot. Madrid 60(2):259-300.), Ayenia L., Byttneria Loefl., Rayleya Cristóbal and Helicteres L. (Cristóbal 1960CRISTÓBAL, C.L. 1960. Revisión del género Ayenia L. (Sterculiaceae). Opera Lilloana 4:1-230., 1976CRISTÓBAL, C.L. 1976. Estudio taxonomico del género Byttneria Loefl.(Sterculiaceae). Bonplandia 2:5-428. , 1981CRISTÓBAL, C.L. 1981. Rayleya, nueva Sterculiaceae de Bahia, Brasil. Bonplandia 5(8):43-50., 2001CRISTÓBAL, C.L. 2001. Taxonomia del genero Helicteres (Sterculiaceae), revisión de las especies americanas. Bonplandia 11(1-4):1-206.), Melochia L. (Goldberg 1967GOLDBERG, A. 1967. The genus Melochia L. (Sterculiaceae). Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 34(5):191-363., Rondón 2007RONDÓN, J.B. 2007. Estudio taxonómico del género Melochia L. (Sterculiaceae) en el estado Sucre, Venezuela. Revista UDO Agrícola 7(1):122-137.) and Waltheria L. (Saunders 1995SAUNDERS, J.G. 1995. Systematics and evolution of Waltheria L (Sterculiaceae, Hermannieae). Tese de Doutorado, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, v.1-3.). Among floristic inventories are those for Argentina (Cristóbal 1998CRISTÓBAL, C.L. 1998. Flora Fanerogámica Argentina: Sterculiaceae. Proflora, Cordoba, p. 1-32.), Panama (Robyns 1964aROBYNS, A. 1964a. Bombacaceae. In Flora of Panamá (Woodson Jr, R.E., Schery, R.W. & Robyns, A., eds.). Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard, St. Louis, 51:37-68.,bROBYNS, A. 1964b. Tiliaceae. In Flora of Panamá (Woodson Jr, R.E., Schery, R.W. & Robyns, A., eds.). Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard, St. Louis, 51:1-35., Robyns & Cuatrecasas 1964)ROBYNS, A. & CUATRECASAS, J. 1964. Sterculiaceae. In Flora of Panamá (Woodson Jr, R.E., Schery, R.W. & Robyns, A., eds.). Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard, St. Louis, 51:69-107. and Paraguay (Cristóbal 2007CRISTÓBAL, C.L. 2007. Sterculiaceae de Paraguay. I. Ayenia, Byttneria, Guazuma, Helicteres, Melochia y Sterculia. Bonplandia 16(1-2):5-142.).

For Brazil, important taxonomic treatments of the families Bombaceae, Tiliaceae, Sterculiaceae and Malvaceae were performed by Saint-Hilaire (1825-1827)SAINT-HILAIRE, A. de. 1825-1827. Malvaceae and Tiliaceae. In Flora brasiliæ meridionalis (A. de Saint-Hilaire, ed). A. Belin, Paris, V. 1, Nº 14, p. 138-295. in Flora brasiliæ meridionalis and Schumann (1886)SCHUMANN, K. 1886. Bombacaceae, Sterculiaceae and Tiliaceae. In Flora Brasiliensis (C.F.P. Martius, A.G. Eichler & I. Urban, eds.). F. Fleischer, Lipsiae, V.12, pars 3, p.1-250. in Flora Brasiliensis. Other relevant studies treated these groups in lists or monographic studies of state flora, such as the Flora da Serra do Cipó (Esteves 1986ESTEVES, G.L. 1986. A ordem Malvales na Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo.); Flora de Mucugê (Cristóbal & Tressens 1986CRISTÓBAL, C.L. & TRESSENS, S. 1986. Sterculiaceae. In Flórula de Mucugê, Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil (R.M. Harley & N.A. Simmons, eds). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, p. 192-195.); Flora do Pico das Almas (Cristóbal et al. 1995CRISTÓBAL, C.L., ESTEVES, G.L. & SAUNDERS, J.G. 1995. Sterculiaceae. In Flora of the Pico das Almas, Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil (B. Stannard, org). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, p. 602-607.); Flora de Mirandiba (Amorim et al. 2009AMORIM, B.S., SAUNDERS, J.G., DU BOCAGE NETA, A.L. & ALVES , M. 2009. Malvaceae s.l. In Flora de Mirandiba. (M. Alves, M.F. Araujo, J.R. Maciel, S. Martins, eds). Associação Plantas do Nordeste, Recife. p. 245-262.), Flora da Reserva Ducke (Vicentini & Silva 1999VICENTINI, A. & SILVA, J.A. DA. 1999. Sterculiaceae. In Flora da Reserva Ducke (J.E.L.S. Ribeiro, et al. eds.). Flora da Reserva Ducke. Guia de identificação das plantas vasculares de uma floresta de terra-firme na Amazônia Central. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa da Amazônia, Manaus. p. 265-267., Esteves 2005ESTEVES, G.L. 2005. Flora da Reserva Ducke, Amazonas, Brasil: Bombacaceae. Rodriguésia 56(86):115-124); Flora de Grão-Mogol (Cristóbal 2006CRISTÓBAL, C.L. 2006. Flora de Grão-Mogol, Minas Gerais: Sterculiaceae. Bol. Bot. Univ. São Paulo 24:107-113.); Flora de São Paulo (Souza & Esteves 2002SOUZA, B.M. & ESTEVES, G.L. 2002. Tiliaceae. In Flora Fanerogâmica do Estado de São Paulo (M.G.L. Wanderley, G.J. Shepherd, T.S. Melhem, A.M. Giulietti & S.E. Martins, eds). São Paulo, Instituto de Botânica, FAPESP, 2: 331-342., Duarte et al. 2007DUARTE, M.C., ESTEVES, G.L. & SEMIR, J. 2007. Bombacaceae. In Flora Fanerogâmica do Estado de São Paulo (M.G.L. Wanderley, G.J. Shepherd, T.S. Melhem, A.M. Giulietti & S.E. Martins , eds). São Paulo, Instituto de Botânica, FAPESP, 5: 21-37., Cruz & Esteves 2009CRUZ, F.R. & ESTEVES, G.L. 2009 Sterculiaceae. In Flora Fanerogâmica do Estado de São Paulo. (M.G.L. Wanderley, G.J. Shepherd, T.S. Melhem, A.M. Giulietti, S.E. Martins , eds). São Paulo, Instituto de Botânica, FAPESP, 6:257-284.) and Flora de Sergipe (Amorim 2013AMORIM, B.S. 2013. Byttneioideae. In Flora de Sergipe (A.P.N. Prata, M.C.E. Amaral, M.C.V. Farias, M.V Alves, eds). Gráfica e Editora Triunfo, Aracaju, 1:326-335.). Also noteworthy are revisions of the genera Pseudobombax Dugand for Bahia (Carvalho-Sobrinho 2006CARVALHO-SOBRINHO, J.G. 2006. O gênero Pseudobombax Dugand no estado da Bahia. Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana.), Eriotheca Schott & Endl. in Brazil (Duarte 2010DUARTE, M.C. 2010. Análise filogenética de Eriotheca Schot & Endl. e gêneros afins (Bombacoideae, Malvaceae) e estudo taxonômico de Eriotheca no Brasil. Tese de Doutorado, Instituto de Botânica da Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente, São Paulo.), Melochia L. in the Southeast Region (Gonçalez & Esteves 2017GONÇALEZ, V.M. & ESTEVES, G.L. 2017. Estudo taxonômico de Melochia L. (Byttnerioideae, Malvaceae) na região Sudeste do Brasil. Hoehnea 44(3):431-448.), Malvaceae of Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca (Fernandes-Júnior & Konno 2017FERNANDES-JUNIOR, A.J. & KONNO, T.U.P. 2017. Malvaceae of Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Hoehnea 44(4):505-523.) and Flora of the canga of the Serra dos Carajás, Pará (Fernandes-Júnior & Cruz 2018FERNANDES-JUNIOR, A.J. & CRUZ, A.P.O. 2018. Flora of the canga of the Serra dos Carajás, Pará, Brazil: Malvaceae. Rodriguésia 69(3):1237-1254.). Nonetheless, there remains a great shortage of studies of these subfamilies in the Caatinga.

Despite the existence of studies about subfamilies from the Brazilian semiarid, regional studies on this family within the state of Bahia are scarce, especially those that include identification keys and morphological descriptions for the family. Considering the importance of the subfamilies in the Brazilian flora, and the gap of information regarding these groups in the Caatinga biome, this study aimed to elaborate a taxonomic study of subfamilies within the Raso da Catarina Ecoregion (RCE) in the state of Bahia and to provide information in support of the development of management plans for the conservation units of the Ecoregion.

Material and Methods

The Raso da Catarina Ecoregion (RCE) comprises an area of 30.800 km², being one of the eight Ecoregions recognized for the Caatinga biome in Brazil. In the North-South direction it is narrow and elongated. In the North, West and East it is limited to the southern hinterland depression. The northeastern portion borders with the Borborema Plateau in the state of Pernambuco, and the southern part borders with hinterlands in the state of the Bahia. The Ecoregion is a sedimentary basin with a very flat relief, showing canyons formed by sandstone outcrops only in the western part. Altitudes above sea level vary from 400 to 600 m in the southern part (state of Bahia) and from 350 to 700 m in the northern part (Jatobá basin, state of Pernambuco). In the southern part (state of Bahia) most of the soils are composed of sand (deep, excessively drained, acid and very low fertility) and oxisol (deep, well drained, acid and low fertility) whereas in the northern part (Pernambuco) sandy soils prevail. Water availability is scarcein the region, except in the areas of the canyons. The predominant vegetation is woodland Caatinga in sandy soils, and thorny over crystalline soils (Velloso et al. 2002VELLOSO, A.L., SAMPAIO, E.V.S.B., & PAREYN, F.G.C. 2002. Ecorregiões propostas para o bioma Caatinga. Associação Plantas do Nordeste, Recife.).

The climate of the Ecoregion is characterized as semiarid with average rainfalls of 650 mm/year in the southern part (state of Bahia), with rainy season from December to July. In the northern part (state of Pernambuco) the climate is drier with average rainfalls of 450 mm/year, with rainy season from January to April. Temperatures are very high, ranging from 24 °C to 30 °C (Velloso et al. 2002VELLOSO, A.L., SAMPAIO, E.V.S.B., & PAREYN, F.G.C. 2002. Ecorregiões propostas para o bioma Caatinga. Associação Plantas do Nordeste, Recife., Paes & Dias 2008PAES, M.L.N. & DIAS, I.F.O. 2008. Plano de manejo: Estação Ecológica Raso da Catarina. Brasília: Ibama.). The municipalities in this Ecoregion in the state of Bahia are: Canudos, Chorrochó, Cícero Dantas, Euclides da Cunha, Glória, Jeremoabo, Macururé, Paulo Afonso, Rodelas, Santa Brígida and Uauá. The Ecoregion includes six conservation units, five located in its southern part in the state of Bahia: Ecological Station Raso da Catarina, Environmental Preservation Area Serra Branca (EPASB), State Park of Canudos, Biological Station of Canudos, Private Reserve of Natural Heritage (PRNH) Farm Flor de Lis and Biological Reserve of Serra Negra, located in the northern part, in the state of Pernambuco (Velloso et al. 2002VELLOSO, A.L., SAMPAIO, E.V.S.B., & PAREYN, F.G.C. 2002. Ecorregiões propostas para o bioma Caatinga. Associação Plantas do Nordeste, Recife., Szabo et al. 2007SZABO, A.V., ROCHA, A.C.S., TOSATO, J.A.C., BARROSO, W. 2007. Área de proteção ambiental (APA) Serra Branca Raso da Catarina. In As Caatingas: debates sobre a ecorregião do Raso da Catarina (J. MARQUES org.). Paulo Afonso, Fonte Viva, p. 21-40.).

This study was based on fieldwork carried out from September 2013 to May 2015 during random walks exploring most of the study area. Fieldwork expeditions focused mainly conservation units (Figures 1, 2) within the southern part of the Ecoregion, in the state of Bahia: Environmental Protection Area Serra Branca- EPASB (09°53’15.5” to 09°44’34.6” S and 38°49’36.1” to 38°52’20.4” W), Biological Station of Canudos- BSC (09°55’58.6” to 09°58’25.2” S and 38°57’32.2” to 39°01’38.5” W), Ecological Station of Raso da Catarina - ESRC (09°33’13” to 09°54’30” S and 38°29’20” to 38°44’00” W), State Park of Canudos - SPC (09°56’19.7” to 09°54’32.4” S and 39°06’13.3” to 39° 04’20.5” W), and PRNH Farm Flor de Lis (10°50’14.1” to 10°50’26.4” S and 38°31’46.4” to 38°31’34.7” W) (Vieira et al. 2015VIEIRA, D.D., MELO, J.I.M. & CONCEIÇÃO, A.S. 2015. Boraginales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl in the Ecoregion Raso da Catarina, Bahia, Brazil. Biota Neotrop. 15(3):1-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2014-0201 (last access in 13/04/ 2018).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2... ).

Herborization of specimens followed Fosberg & Sachet (1965)FOSBERG, F.R. & SACHET, M.H. 1965. Manual for tropical herbaria. Utrecht, Netherlands., and Mori et al. (1989)MORI, S.A., SILVA, L.A.M., LISBOA, G. & CORADIN, L. 1989. Manual de manejo do herbário fanerogâmico. Ilhéus: Centro de Pesquisa do Cacau., and observations on soil types followed Tricart (1972)TRICART, J. 1972. The landforms of the humid tropics, forests and savannas. Geographies for Advanced Study, Longman, London., and Sampaio (1995)SAMPAIO, E.V.S.B. 1995. Overview of the Brazilian Caatinga. In Seasonally dry tropical forests (S.H. BULLOCK, H.A. MOONEY, E. MEDINA orgs). Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press, p. 35-63.. All collected specimens were deposited at HUNEB herbarium (Paulo Afonso Collection), and duplicates were sent to herbaria in the state of Bahia. Additional herbarium specimens from Brazilian herbaria were analyzed (ALCB, HRB, HUEFS, HUNEB, IPA, PEUFR, R and RB, acronyms according to Thiers 2018THIERS, B. 2018 [continuously updated]. Index Herbariorum: a global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/ (last access in 13/04/ 2018).
http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/... (continuously updated, ^{Appendix 1} Supplementary material The following online material is available for this article: Appendix 1 List of additional material examined. ), and in the herbaria HST, acronyms according to the Brazilian network of herbaria (SBB 2018SBB 2018. Rede Brasileira de Herbários. http://www.botanica.org.br/rbh-catalogo (last access in 13/04/ 2018).
http://www.botanica.org.br/rbh-catalogo... ). Identifications were made based on specialized literature (e.g., Robyns 1963ROBYNS, A. 1963. Essai de Monographie du genre Bombax s.l. (Bombacaceae). Bull. Jard. Bot. Etat 33(1):1-311., Robyns & Cuatrecasas 1964ROBYNS, A. & CUATRECASAS, J. 1964. Sterculiaceae. In Flora of Panamá (Woodson Jr, R.E., Schery, R.W. & Robyns, A., eds.). Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard, St. Louis, 51:69-107., Cristóbal 2001CRISTÓBAL, C.L. 2001. Taxonomia del genero Helicteres (Sterculiaceae), revisión de las especies americanas. Bonplandia 11(1-4):1-206., Du Bocage & Sales 2002DU BOCAGE, A.L. & SALES, M.F. 2002. A família Bombacaceae Kunth no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Acta Bot. Bras. 16(2):123-139., Tschá et al. 2002TSCHÁ, M.C., SALES, M.F. & ESTEVES, G.L. 2002. Tiliaceae Juss. No estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Hoehnea 29(1):1-18., Gibbs & Semir 2003GIBBS, P.E. & SEMIR, J. 2003. A Taxonomic Revision of the genus Ceiba Mill. (Bombacaceae). Anal. Jard. Bot. Madrid 60(2):259-300., Carvalho-Sobrinho 2006CARVALHO-SOBRINHO, J.G. 2006. O gênero Pseudobombax Dugand no estado da Bahia. Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana., Cristóbal 2006CRISTÓBAL, C.L. 2006. Flora de Grão-Mogol, Minas Gerais: Sterculiaceae. Bol. Bot. Univ. São Paulo 24:107-113., Duarte 2006DUARTE, M.C. 2006. Diversidade de Bombacaceae Kunth no estado de São Paulo. Dissertação de Mestrado, Instituto de Botânica da Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente, São Paulo., Róndon & Campos 2006RONDÓN, J.B. & CAMPOS, L.J.C. 2006. Clave preliminar para identificar especies de la familia Sterculiaceae en Venezuela. Universidad de Oriente, Venezuela, 18(2):142-152., Cruz & Esteves 2009CRUZ, F.R. & ESTEVES, G.L. 2009 Sterculiaceae. In Flora Fanerogâmica do Estado de São Paulo. (M.G.L. Wanderley, G.J. Shepherd, T.S. Melhem, A.M. Giulietti, S.E. Martins , eds). São Paulo, Instituto de Botânica, FAPESP, 6:257-284., Rondón 2009RONDÓN, J.B. 2009. Revisión taxonómica del género Melochia L. (Sterculiaceae) en Venezuela. Acta Bot. Venez. 32(1):1-61. and Carvalho-Sobrinho et al. 2014CARVALHO-SOBRINHO, J.G., ALVERSON, W.S., MOTA, A.C., MACHADO, M.C. & BAUM, D.A. 2014. A new deciduous species of Pachira (Malvaceae: Bombacoideae) from a seasonally dry tropical forest in Northeastern Brazil. Syst. Bot. 39(1):260-267.), protologues and images of type specimens. Morphological descriptions followed Harris & Harris (2001)HARRIS, J. & HARRIS, M. 2001. Plant identification terminology: an illustrated glossary. 2. ed. Spring Lake Publishing, Utah. and Gonçalves & Lorenzi (2011)GONÇALVES, E.G. & LORENZI, H. 2011. Morfologia vegetal: organografia e dicionário ilustrado de morfologia das plantas vasculares. 2 ed. Instituto Plantarum, São Paulo.. The taxonomic treatment includes morphological descriptions, an identification key, and comments on distribution, ecology and taxonomy of all studied species.

Results and Discussion

In the RCE, the subfamilies Bombacoideae, Byttnerioideae, Grewioideae and Helicterioideae were represented by a total of 22 species distributed among 10 genera (Figure 3). Waltheria L. was the most represented genus with five species, followed by Ceiba Mill. and Melochia L. with three species each. Helicteres L., Luehea Willd., Pachira Aubl. and Pseudobombax Dugand were each represented by two species, while the remaining genera were represented by a single species each. The most frequently encountered species in the study were Helicteres velutina K.Schum., Melochia tomentosa L., Waltheria brachypetala Turcz., W. indica L. and W. rotundifolia Schrank. These species grow in subshrub and forest Caatinga environments associated with sandy soils, the latter two are also observed in anthropic areas. The species of Luehea were rare in RCE, being represented by a single specimen.

Among the species recognized for RCE, nine are endemic to Brazil, Luehea candicans Mart. represents a new record for the Caatinga biome. Pseudobombax parvifolium Carv.-Sobr. & L.P.Queiroz, Pseudobombax simplicifolium A.Robyns, Waltheria brachypetala Turcz. and Ayenia hirta A.St.-Hil. & Naudin are endemic to the Caatinga, the last of which occurs exclusively in the state of Bahia (Robyns 1963ROBYNS, A. 1963. Essai de Monographie du genre Bombax s.l. (Bombacaceae). Bull. Jard. Bot. Etat 33(1):1-311., Carvalho-Sobrinho & Queiroz 2010CARVALHO-SOBRINHO, J.G. & QUEIROZ, L.P. 2010 Three new species of Pseudobombax (Malvaceae, Bombacoideae) from Brazil. Novon 20(1):13-20., Duarte 2015aDUARTE, M.C. 2015a. Ceiba. In Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/floradobrasil/FB9032 (last access in 13/04/2018).
http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/f... , bDUARTE, M.C. 2015b. Pachira. In Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/floradobrasil/FB23584 (last access in 13/04/2018).
http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/f... , cDUARTE, M.C. 2015c. Pseudobombax. In Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/floradobrasil/FB9193 (last access in 13/04/2018).
http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/f... , Esteves 2015aESTEVES, G.L. 2015a. Ayenia. In Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/floradobrasil/FB25729 (last access in 13/04/2018).
http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/f... , bESTEVES, G.L. 2015b. Waltheria. In Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/floradobrasil/FB9270 (last access in 13/04/2018).
http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/f... , cESTEVES, G.L. 2015c Luehea. In Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/floradobrasil/FB9091 (last access in 13/04/2018).
http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/f... , f). Some species such as Melochia tomentosa L., Waltheria indica L. and Luehea paniculata Mart. have medicinal, agricultural and forage potential. Species of the subfamily Bombacoideae are ornamental and serve in fiber production (Sampaio et al. 2005SAMPAIO, E.V.S.B., PARYEN, F.G.C., FIGUEIRÔA, J.M. & JUNIOR, A.G.S. 2005. Espécies da flora nordestina de importância econômica potencial. Associação Plantas do Nordeste, Recife., Lorenzi & Matos 2008LORENZI, H. & MATOS, F.J.A. 2008. Plantas Medicinais no Brasil. 2 ed. Instituto Plantarum, São Paulo., Kinupp & Lorenzi 2014KINUPP, V.F. & LORENZI, H. 2014. Plantas alimentícias não conveincionais (PANC) no Brasil. Instituto Plantarum, São Paulo.).

Identification key to the species of Bombacoideae, Byttnerioideae, Grewioideae and Helicterioideae from RCE, Bahia, Brazil

Taxonomic Treatment

1. Bombacoideae Burnett

Trees. Leaves compound, venation reticulate. Flowers actinomorphic, hermaphrodite, diclamid or triclamid, solitary or in inflorescence axillary, terminal or oppositifolious. Calyx gamosepalous. Corolla with five petals, free or fused at the base and adnate at the base of staminal tube. Stamens five to numerous, fused at the base, forming a staminal tube. Ovary super; numerous ovules per locule; placentation axile. Fruit capsule.

Consisting of 27 genera and 250 species, Bombacoideae is mainly Neotropical, with some representatives in the tropics of the Old World (Bayer & Kubitzki 2003BAYER, C. & KUBITZKI, K. 2003. Malvaceae. In The families and genera of vascular plants. flowering plants dicotyledons. Malvales, Capparales and non-betalain Caryophyllales. (K. Kubitzki & C. Bayer, eds). Springer-Verlag, Berlin. v.5, p.225-311.). In the RCE, the subfamily is represented by three genera and seven species.

1.1. Ceiba glaziovii (Kuntze) K.Schum., Bot. Jahresber. (Just) 26(1): 343. 1900. Iconography: Du Bocage & Sales (2002: 126)DU BOCAGE, A.L. & SALES, M.F. 2002. A família Bombacaceae Kunth no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Acta Bot. Bras. 16(2):123-139.. Figures 3A; 4A-C

Popular name: barriguda.

Tree 6-10 m tall. Trunk tumescent, aculeate, grey, with green longitudinal streaks only in young individuals; branches aculeate; brachyblast absent. Stipules deciduous, not observed. Leaves alternate-spirallate, digitate, 5 leaflets; petiole 5-10 cm long, glabrous; petiolule 1.5-4 mm long, glabrous; leaflets 2.5-11.5×1.5-5.5 cm, elliptic-lanceolate, green, discolorous, membranaceous to chartaceous, base acute, apex acute-acuminate, margin slightly serrate at the apical portion, both surfaces glabrous. Inflorescence cymose, with up to three flowers or sometimes solitary flowers, axillary and terminal; pedicels 1.2-2 cm long., glabrous; bracteoles 3. 3-4 mm long, rounded, green, glabrous, deciduous; calyx 1.5-2 cm long, campanulate, green, 3-5 lobed, apex irregular, externally glabrous, internally glabrous at the base and sericeous at the apex, without glands at the base; petals 1.8-7.5×1.8-3.0 cm, obovate, white with macules purple to vinaceous in the base, externally sericeous, internally glabrous on the base and sericeous on the apex; stamens 5, white, fused until half of, staminal tube, 1-3 cm long, glabrous, 5 appendages villous entire at the base of staminal tube, free parts of stamens 2-3 cm long, anthers 4-thecal, white, sinuose, rimose, basifixed; ovary 5-6×4-5 mm, subconic, glabrous, 5 locules, numerous ovules per locule; styles 5.6-6 cm long, glabrous, stigmas ellipsoid, rose. Capsule 7-12.5×5-8 cm, elliptic, dehiscence longitudinal, glabrous, coriaceous, cotton-fiber white abundant, calyx persistent; seeds 6-7×4-6 mm, globose, dark brown, without macules or streaks.

Specimens examined: BRAZIL, BAHIA: Jeremoabo, APA Serra Branca, Trilha do tanque de dentro, 09º51ʹ56.3ʺS 38º38ʹ41.7ʺW 469m, 22.VIII.2008, fl., M.V. Romão et al. 268 (HUNEB); Fazenda Serra Branca, 09º53ʹ35.8ʺS 38º40ʹ27.9ʺW 404m, 18.IX.2008, fl., M.V. Romão et al. 307 (HUNEB); Fazenda Serra Branca, 09º53ʹ51.5ʺS 38º40ʹ48.7ʺW 130m, 30.X.2008, fr., M.V. Romão et al. 387 (HUNEB); Caminho da Judite, próximo a Serra do Navio, 09º51ʹ55.5ʺS 38º38ʹ45.0ʺW 469m, 03.XI.2011, fl., J.B. Lima et al. 03 (HUNEB); 04.IX.2012, fl., J.B. Lima et al. 64 (HUNEB); 20.I.2015, fr., J.B. Lima et al. 600 (HUNEB); Povoado Brejinho 10º02ʹ32.0ʺS 38º21ʹ44.2ʺW 307m, 31.VII.2014, fl., J.B. Lima et al. 460 (HUNEB); Povoado Brejinho, próximo a casa verde 10º02ʹ26.7ʺS 38º21ʹ42.9ʺW 309m, 25.XI.2014,fr., J.B. Lima et al. 573, 576 (HUNEB); Entre Jeremoabo e Canudos, 10º04ʹ07ʺS 38º28ʹ21ʺW 297m, 27.VI.2072, bot., R.M. Santos et al. 1664, 1665 (HUEFS); Paulo Afonso, Povoado Arrastapé, 09º30ʹ49.2ʺS 38º16ʹ55.3ʺW 300m, 25.IX.2013, fl., J.B. Lima et al. 107 (HUNEB); Povoado Bogó, 09º39ʹ14.5ʺS 38º16ʹ08.1ʺW 326m, 01.IX.2014, fl., J.B. Lima et al. 523 (HUNEB); Ribeira do Pombal, Fazenda Cassussu, 10º47ʹ25.7ʺS 38º34ʹ43.7ʺW 209m, 09.VIII.2014, fl., J.B. Lima et al. 485 (HUNEB).

Endemic to the Northeast Region of Brazil, Ceiba glaziovii occurs only in the states of Bahia, Ceará, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte and Sergipe, in the areas of Caatinga, Cerrado and Atlantic Forest (Gibbs & Semir 2003GIBBS, P.E. & SEMIR, J. 2003. A Taxonomic Revision of the genus Ceiba Mill. (Bombacaceae). Anal. Jard. Bot. Madrid 60(2):259-300., Duarte 2015aDUARTE, M.C. 2015a. Ceiba. In Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/floradobrasil/FB9032 (last access in 13/04/2018).
http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/f... ). In RCE it was collected in the Environmental Protection Area Serra Branca (EPASB), municipality of Jeremoabo, and in the municipalities of Ribeira do Pombal and Tucano, mainly in areas of preserved Caatinga.

The species is recognized by its intumescent trunk; petals white with purple macules and externally villous; and by the presence of five appendages at the base of the staminal tube. It flowers from July to October and fruits from September to November. According to Sampaio et al. (2005)SAMPAIO, E.V.S.B., PARYEN, F.G.C., FIGUEIRÔA, J.M. & JUNIOR, A.G.S. 2005. Espécies da flora nordestina de importância econômica potencial. Associação Plantas do Nordeste, Recife., C. glaziovii has medicinal, ornamental and apicultural potential.

1.2. Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn., Fruct. Sem. Pl. 2: 244. 1791. Figures 3B; 4D-F

Popular names: samaúma, barriguda-falada.

Tree 3-8 m tall. Trunk not tumescent, aculeate, green, with green longitudinal streaks; branches aculeate; brachyblast absent. Stipules deciduous, not observed. Leaves alternate-spirallate, digitate; petiole 3.5-13.9 cm long, glabrous; petiolules 1.5-3 mm long, glabrous; leaflets 5-8, 3.4-12.3×1.3-3.4 cm, elliptic-lanceolate, green, discolorous, membranaceous to chartaceous, base acute, apex acuminate, margin entire, both surfaces glabrous. Inflorescence cymose fasciculated, with 5-10 flowers axillary and terminal; pedicels 1.3-3 cm long, glabrous; bracteoles absent; calyx 1-1.3 cm long, campanulate, green, 4-5 lobed, apex irregular, externally glabrous, internally sericeous, without glands at the base; petals 2.5-3×1.3-1.7 cm, obovate, white, without macules, externally sericeous, internally glabrous on the base and sericeous on the apex; stamens 5, white, fused at the base, staminal tube ca. 3 mm long, glabrous, without appendages at the staminal tube, free parts of stamens 2-2.3 cm long, anthers 4-thecal, beige, sinuose, rimose, dorsifixed; ovary 5-6×3-4 mm, piriform, glabrous, 5 locules, numerous ovules per locule; styles 2-2.5 cm long, glabrous, stigmas ellipsoid, yellow. Capsule 8-13×2.8-3.7 cm, elliptic, dehiscence longitudinal, glabrous, coriaceous, cotton-fiber white abundant, calyx persistent; seeds 5-6×5-6 mm, globose, blackened, without macules and streaks.

Specimens examined: BRAZIL, BAHIA: Paulo Afonso, Vila Matias, 09º26ʹ56.1ʺS 38º14ʹ19.0ʺW 326m, 16.IV.2014, fr., J.B. Lima et al. 301 (HUNEB); Vila Matias, 09º26ʹ56.1ʺS 38º14ʹ19.0ʺW 326m, 15.X.2014, fl., J.B. Lima et al. 540 (HUNEB); Praça entre a 1ª cia do exército e o anexo da UNEB, 09º24.235ʹS 38º12.772ʹW 215m, 26.VIII.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 522 (HUNEB); Glória, estrada em direção a orla, 09º20ʹ46.9ʺS 38º15ʹ24.5ʺW 273m, fr., J.B. Lima et al. 306 (HUNEB).

With pantropical distribution, C. pentandra was possibly introduced in Asia and the Pacific (Gibbs & Semir 2003GIBBS, P.E. & SEMIR, J. 2003. A Taxonomic Revision of the genus Ceiba Mill. (Bombacaceae). Anal. Jard. Bot. Madrid 60(2):259-300.). In the Brazil it is found in the states of Acre, Pará, Roraima and Maranhão in the areas of Amazon Rainforest (Duarte 2015aDUARTE, M.C. 2015a. Ceiba. In Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/floradobrasil/FB9032 (last access in 13/04/2018).
http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/f... ). In the RCE the species is only grown in squares and residences of Paulo Afonso and Glória.

The species differs from its congeners in the study area by having 5-8 foliate leaves; fasciculate inflorescence; white petals without macules and measuring less than 5 cm long; and by the absence of appendages at the base of the staminal tube. It was collected with flowers in August and October, and was fruiting throughout almost all year. Ceiba pentandra possesses ornamental, apicultural, food and fiber potential (Sampaio et al. 2005SAMPAIO, E.V.S.B., PARYEN, F.G.C., FIGUEIRÔA, J.M. & JUNIOR, A.G.S. 2005. Espécies da flora nordestina de importância econômica potencial. Associação Plantas do Nordeste, Recife., Kinupp & Lorenzi 2014KINUPP, V.F. & LORENZI, H. 2014. Plantas alimentícias não conveincionais (PANC) no Brasil. Instituto Plantarum, São Paulo.).

1.3. Ceiba pubiflora (A.St.-Hil.) K.Schum., Fl. Bras. (Martius) 12(3): 213. 1886. Iconography: Gibbs & Semir (2003: 277)GIBBS, P.E. & SEMIR, J. 2003. A Taxonomic Revision of the genus Ceiba Mill. (Bombacaceae). Anal. Jard. Bot. Madrid 60(2):259-300., Duarte (2006: 52)DUARTE, M.C. 2006. Diversidade de Bombacaceae Kunth no estado de São Paulo. Dissertação de Mestrado, Instituto de Botânica da Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente, São Paulo.. Figure 3C

Tree 6-8 m tall. Trunk not tumescent, aculeate, grey, with green longitudinal streaks; branches aculeate; brachyblast absent. Stipules deciduous, not observed. Leaves alternate-spirallate, digitate; petiole 4.8-9.2 cm long, glabrous; petiolules 0.5-1.2 mm long, glabrous; leaflets 5, 3.5-14.8×1.1-5.2 cm, elliptic-lanceolate, green, discolorous, membranaceous to chartaceous, base acute, apex acute-acuminate, margin slightly serrate, both surfaces glabrous. Inflorescence cymose, with until 5 flowers, axillary and terminal; pedicels 1.5-2 cm long, glabrous; bracteoles 3, deciduous, 3-5 mm long, ovate, green, glabrous; calyx 1.4-2 cm long, campanulate, green, 3-4 lobed, apex irregular, externally glabrous, internally sericeous on the base and glabrous on the apex, without glands at the base; petals 2.3-8.7×1.5-3 cm, obovate to spatulate, lilac to pink with alb base and macules purple to vinaceous, externally sericeous, internally glabrescent on the base and sericeous on the apex; stamens 5, white at the base and pink at apical half, fused until a half of, staminal tube, 1.5-1.8 cm long, glabrous, 5 bifid appendages villous on the base of staminal tube, free parts of stamens 2.8-4.5 cm long, anthers 4-thecal, white, sinuose, rimose, basifixed; ovary 8-10×4-5 mm, subconic, glabrous, 5 locules, numerous ovules per locule; styles 5-6 cm long, glabrous, stigmas globose, pink. Fruit not seen.

Specimens examined: BRAZIL, BAHIA: Paulo Afonso, Bairro BNH, próximo a área do erxército, 09º23ʹ38.4ʺS 38º13ʹ44.9ʺW 252m, 17.III.2014, fl., J.B. Lima et al. 190 (HUNEB); Povoado Juá, 09º26ʹ22.7ʺS 38º25ʹ16.7ʺW 371m, 09.V.2014, fl., J.B. Lima et al. 350 (HUNEB).

Ceiba pubiflora occurs in Argentina (Missiones), Paraguay and Brazil; in Brazil it is present in the Northeast (Bahia), Central-West (Distrito Federal, Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso) and Southeast (Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo) regions, in environments of Caatinga, Cerrado and Atlantic Forest (Gibbs & Semir 2003GIBBS, P.E. & SEMIR, J. 2003. A Taxonomic Revision of the genus Ceiba Mill. (Bombacaceae). Anal. Jard. Bot. Madrid 60(2):259-300., Duarte 2015aDUARTE, M.C. 2015a. Ceiba. In Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/floradobrasil/FB9032 (last access in 13/04/2018).
http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/f... ). It was introduced in the RCE as an ornamental species.

The species is easily recognized by having flowers with lilac to pink-colored petals with white base and purple to vinaceous macules; and by the presence of five bifid appendages in the base of the staminal tube. It flowers from March to May, and has not been found with fruits.

1.4. Pachira aquatica Aubl., Hist. Pl. Guiane 2: 726. 1775. Iconography: Robyns (1963: 235)ROBYNS, A. 1963. Essai de Monographie du genre Bombax s.l. (Bombacaceae). Bull. Jard. Bot. Etat 33(1):1-311., Du Bocage & Sales (2002: 132)DU BOCAGE, A.L. & SALES, M.F. 2002. A família Bombacaceae Kunth no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Acta Bot. Bras. 16(2):123-139.. Figure 3D

Popular name: carolina.

Tree 6-14 m tall. Trunk not tumescent, inermous, grey, without green longitudinal streaks; branches inermous; brachyblast absent. Stipules 4-5 mm long, deltoid, deciduous. Leaves alternate-spirallate, digitate; petiole 4.5-14.7 cm long, glabrous; petiolules 0.3-2.0 mm long, glabrous; leaflets 5-7, 5.4-23.5×2.1-9.8 cm, oblong-lanceolate to obovate, green, discolorous, semi-coriaceous, base acute, apex acuminate to obtuse, margin entire to slightly sinuose, both surfaces glabrous. Inflorescence cymose 2-3 flowers, usually flowers solitary, axillary and terminal; pedicels 1.5-3 cm long, glabrescent with stellate trichomes, ferruginous; bracteoles 3, deciduous; calyx 1.2-1.8 cm long, campanulate, green, apex truncate, sometimes slightly 4-5 lobed, containing 5 pink glands at the base, externally pubescent, internally sericeous; petals 23-28×0.9×1.5 cm, linear-lanceolate, intenally white, externally beige to light brown on the margin, both surfaces pubescent; stamens 200-230, white at the base and vinaceous on apex, fused until a half, staminal tube 7-9 cm long, pubescent, tube with two verticil, external verticil divided into 10 phalanges with 1.3-2 cm long, internal verticil divided into 5 phalanges, free parts of stamens 7.5-9 cm long, appendages absent, anthers monothecate, vinaceous, curved, rimoses, dorsifixed; ovary 6-7×5-6 mm, piriform, 5 costate, pubescent, 5 locules, numerous ovules per locule; styles 22.5 cm long, pubescent, white with apex pink to purple, stigmas 5 lobed, rose. Capsule 14-19.6×9-10 cm, subglobose to oblong-elliptic, dehiscence longitudinal, puberule, woody, without cotton-fiber, calyx not persistent; seeds 25-43×17-22 mm, 3-4 angular, white, with streaks.

Specimens examined: BRAZIL, BAHIA: Ribeira do Pombal, alto do Santo Antônio, em direção a PRNH Flor de Lis, 10º50ʹ02.1ʺS 38º31ʹ32.0ʺW 241m, 17.I.2014, fl.; fr, J.B. Lima et al. 174 (HUNEB); Canudos, estrada saindo da base 1 da EBC, próximo a casa de Rute e Tiago, 09º54ʹ52.0ʺS 39º00ʹ28.5ʺW 459m, 27.III.2014, fl.; fr, J.B. Lima et al. 255 (HUNEB).

Pachira aquatica occurs predominantly in Central and South America (Robyns 1963ROBYNS, A. 1963. Essai de Monographie du genre Bombax s.l. (Bombacaceae). Bull. Jard. Bot. Etat 33(1):1-311.). In Brazil it is present in the states of Acre, Amazonas, Pará and Maranhão, in the Amazon Rainforest (Duarte 2015bDUARTE, M.C. 2015b. Pachira. In Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/floradobrasil/FB23584 (last access in 13/04/2018).
http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/f... ). In the RCE the species is common in the city squares of several municipalities.

The species can be recognized by its flowers having a long stamen tube; external verticil divided into ten phalanges; white stamens with a vinaceous apical half; and by 3-4 angular, striated seeds measuring 25-43×17-22 mm. The species flowers and fruits throughout the year. The species has ornamental, food and fiber potential (Sampaio et al. 2005SAMPAIO, E.V.S.B., PARYEN, F.G.C., FIGUEIRÔA, J.M. & JUNIOR, A.G.S. 2005. Espécies da flora nordestina de importância econômica potencial. Associação Plantas do Nordeste, Recife., Kinupp & Lorenzi 2014KINUPP, V.F. & LORENZI, H. 2014. Plantas alimentícias não conveincionais (PANC) no Brasil. Instituto Plantarum, São Paulo.).

1.5. Pachira endecaphylla (Vell.) Carv.-Sobr., Taxon 62(4): 816. 2013. Iconography: Schumann (1886: 45)SCHUMANN, K. 1886. Bombacaceae, Sterculiaceae and Tiliaceae. In Flora Brasiliensis (C.F.P. Martius, A.G. Eichler & I. Urban, eds.). F. Fleischer, Lipsiae, V.12, pars 3, p.1-250.. Figures 3E; 4G-J

Tree 10-12 m tall. Trunk not tumescent, inermous, green, with green longitudinal streaks inconspicuous; branches inermous; brachyblast absent. Stipules deciduous, not observed. Leaves alternate-spirallate, digitate; petiole 7-15 cm long, glabrous; leaflets 7-10, subsessile, 7-20×2-5.8 cm, oblong to lanceolate, green, discolorous, coriaceous, base attenuate decurrent, apex acute-acuminate, margin entire slightly sinuose, both surfaces glabrous. Flowers solitary, axillary, clustered at the apex of branches; pedicels 1-1.5 cm long, glabrescent with trichomes simple, ferruginous, sparse; bracteoles 3, deciduous; calyx 1.2-1.5 cm long, campanulate, green, apex truncate, slightly 5 lobed, containing 5 rose glands at the base, externally glabrescent, internally sericeous; petals 18-20.5×1-1.5 cm, linear-lanceolate, beige greenish, both as surfaces pubescent; stamens 125-150, white, fused until a half, staminal tube, 7-9 cm long, pubescent, tube with one verticil, divided into 10 phalanges with 1.5-2 cm long, free parts of stamens 5.2-7.5 cm long, appendages absent, anthers monothecate, beige, linear, rimose, basifixed; ovary 4-5×4-5 mm, piriform, not costate, pubescent, 5 locules, numerous ovules per locule; styles 15 cm long, pubescent, white, stigmas 5 lobed, white. Capsule 17-21×4.5-5 cm, oblong-elliptic, dehiscence longitudinal, glabrous, woody, cotton-fiber light brown, calyx persistent; seeds 6-8×5-6 mm, subglobose, black pits, with 4 streaks beige salient, leaving from the same point.

Specimens examined: BRAZIL, BAHIA: Jeremoabo, APA Serra Branca, estrada do Quelés, próximo a casa de Antônio Rouxinho, 09º57ʹ30.3ʺS 38º26ʹ20.0ʺW 504m, 03.IX.2012, fr, J.B. Lima et al. 52 (HUNEB); Povoado Brejinho, 10º02ʹ26.6ʺS 38º21ʹ42.8ʺW 308m, 08.III.2014, fl., J.B. Lima et al. 189 (HUNEB); Povoado Brejinho 10º02ʹ32.0ʺS 38º21ʹ44.2ʺW 307m, 15.V.2014,fr., J.B. Lima et al. 384 (HUNEB); Povoado Brejinho, próximo a casa verde 10º02ʹ26.7ʺS 38º21ʹ42.9ʺW 309m, 25.XI.2014, fr., J.B. Lima et al. 575 (HUNEB).

Endemic to Brazil, Pachira endecaphylla is widely distributed in the states of Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro, where it occurs in seasonal forest environments. It has also been recorded in the states Alagoas, Bahia, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte, Piauí, Sergipe and Tocantins (Carvalho-Sobrinho et al. 2014CARVALHO-SOBRINHO, J.G., ALVERSON, W.S., MOTA, A.C., MACHADO, M.C. & BAUM, D.A. 2014. A new deciduous species of Pachira (Malvaceae: Bombacoideae) from a seasonally dry tropical forest in Northeastern Brazil. Syst. Bot. 39(1):260-267., Duarte 2015bDUARTE, M.C. 2015b. Pachira. In Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/floradobrasil/FB23584 (last access in 13/04/2018).
http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/f... ). In the RCE the species was encountered only in the municipality of Jeremoabo in an area of anthropized Caatinga.

In the study area, P. endecaphylla is characterized by having leaves with 7-10 subsessile, oblong to lanceolate leaflets; flowers with a long tube containing a single verticil; completely white stamens; and subglobose seeds with 4 prominent striae and measuring approximately 8 mm long. It was collected with flowers in March and with fruits in May, June, September and November.

1.6. Pseudobombax parvifolium Carv.-Sobr. & L.P.Queiroz, Novon 20(1): 17. 2010. Iconography: Carvalho-Sobrinho (2006: 72)CRISTÓBAL, C.L. 2006. Flora de Grão-Mogol, Minas Gerais: Sterculiaceae. Bol. Bot. Univ. São Paulo 24:107-113., Carvalho-Sobrinho & Queiroz (2010: 18)CARVALHO-SOBRINHO, J.G. & QUEIROZ, L.P. 2010 Three new species of Pseudobombax (Malvaceae, Bombacoideae) from Brazil. Novon 20(1):13-20.. Figure 3F

Tree 5-7 m tall. Trunk not tumescent, inermous, grey, with green longitudinal streaks; branches inerm; brachyblast absent. Stipules deciduous, not observed. Leaves alternate-spirallate, digitate, clustered at the apex of branches; petiole 4-10 cm long, pubescent to glabrescent; leaflets 5-7, subsessile, 2.5-10.4×2.5-5 cm, oblanceolate to elliptic, green, slightly discolorous, chartaceous, base cuneate to atenuate, apex acute-acuminate, margin entire to slightly crenulate, both surfaces glabrescent with trichomes sparse on vein of abaxial surface. Flowers solitary, terminal, clustered at the apex of branches; pedicels 1.4-2.5 cm long, pubescent to glabrescent with trichomes stellate, ferruginous, sparse; bracteoles 3, deciduous; calyx 1-1.4 cm long, cupuliform to campanulate, dark purple, apex truncate, sometimes slightly 5 apiculate, containing c. 10 glands at the base, externally pubescent, internally sericeous at apical half of; petals 8.5-15×1-1.5 cm, linear-lanceolate, beige to brown, abaxial surface pubescent with trichomes stellate, adaxial surface velutinous being a half with trichomes larger and denser than the other, forming two longitudinal lines; stamens c. 400, white, fused at the base, staminal tube, 1.8-2.2 cm long, pubescent, originating free fillets, free parts of stamens 8-12 cm long, anthers monothecate, white, clavate, rimose, basifixed; ovary 8-10×4-5 mm, ovoid, lightly 5-angulate, subglabrous, 5 locules, numerous ovules per locule; styles 12-16 cm long, subglabrous, white, stigmas 5 lobed, white. Capsule 8.5-9×4.5-5 cm, elliptic, dehiscence longitudinal, glabrous, woody, cotton-fiber light brown, calyx persistent; seeds 5-6×c.4 mm, subreniform, brown with macules inconspicuous slightly darker.

Specimens examined: BRAZIL, BAHIA: Jeremoabo, APA Serra Branca, estrada dos Quelés, 09º57ʹ45.8ʺS 38º26ʹ17.4ʺW 529m, 05.VI.2012, fr., V.O. Amorim et al. 109 (HUNEB); APA Serra Branca, 09º57ʹ27.7ʺS 38º26ʹ17.1ʺW 493m, 12.XI.2013, fl., M.R.R.M. Mazzotti et al. 02 (HUNEB); Fazenda Serra Branca, 09º53ʹ51.5ʺS 38º40ʹ48.7ʺW 130m, 30.X.2008, fr., M.V. Romão et al. 386 (HUNEB); Próximo a casa de Antônio Rouxinho, 09º57ʹ27.7ʺS 38º26ʹ15.8ʺW 492m, 15.V.2014, fl., J.B. Lima et al. 388 (HUNEB); 19.I.2015, fl., J.B. Lima et al. 596 (HUNEB); Depois do povoado Água Branca, próximo a casa de Maria José, 09º57ʹ13.1ʺS 38º41ʹ11.7ʺW 343m, 30.VII.2014, fl., J.B. Lima et al. 451 (HUNEB); 15.X.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 542 (HUNEB); Fazenda Serra Branca, ao lado da casa principal, 09º57ʹ24.5ʺS 38º42ʹ22.4ʺW 328m, 15.X.2014, fr., J.B. Lima et al. 543 (HUNEB); 25.XI.2014, fr., J.B. Lima et al. 577 (HUNEB); Povoado Brejinho, próximo a casa verde 10º02ʹ26.7ʺS 38º21ʹ42.9ʺW 309m, 25.XI.2014, fl., J.B. Lima et al. 574 (HUNEB).

Endemic to the Caatinga, it occurs in Northeast Region of Brazil, of the states of Bahia, Ceará, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte and Sergipe, in Southeast only of the state of Minas Gerais (Carvalho-Sobrinho & Queiroz 2010CARVALHO-SOBRINHO, J.G. & QUEIROZ, L.P. 2010 Three new species of Pseudobombax (Malvaceae, Bombacoideae) from Brazil. Novon 20(1):13-20., Duarte 2015cDUARTE, M.C. 2015c. Pseudobombax. In Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/floradobrasil/FB9193 (last access in 13/04/2018).
http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/f... ). In the RCE, P. parvifolium was collected mainly in the EPASB (Jeremoabo), but also in the municipalities of Paulo Afonso, Tucano and Chorrochó.

Pseudobombax parvifolium can be recognized in the study area by 5-7 foliate leaves; short, pubescent staminal tube with ca. 400 stamens; fruit of c. 5 cm long; and by subreniform seeds with inconspicuous macules. It was collected with flowers in May, July and October to January and with fruits in October and November.

1.7. Pseudobombax simplicifolium A.Robyns, Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 33: 81. 1963. Iconography: Du Bocage & Sales (2002: 135)DU BOCAGE, A.L. & SALES, M.F. 2002. A família Bombacaceae Kunth no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Acta Bot. Bras. 16(2):123-139., Carvalho-Sobrinho (2006: 78)CARVALHO-SOBRINHO, J.G. 2006. O gênero Pseudobombax Dugand no estado da Bahia. Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana.. Figure 3G

Tree 6-8 m tall. Trunk not tumescent, inermous, grey, with green longitudinal streaks; branches inermous; brachyblast present. Stipules deciduous, not observed. Leaves alternate-spirallate, clustered at the apex of brachyblast; petiole 0.3-3.4 cm long, glabrous; leaflets 1(-3), sessile, 3.7-8.1×1.5-4 cm, elliptic to ovate-elliptics, green, discolorous, chartaceous, base obtuse, apex acute, margin entire, both surfaces glabrous. Flowers solitary, terminal, at the apex of brachyblast; pedicels 1.7-2 cm long, glabrous; bracteoles 3, triangular ca. 2 mm long; calyx 0.7-1.3 cm long, campanulate, dark purple, apex truncate, containing 5-6 glands at the base; externally glabrous, internally sericeous at the apical half of; petals 7-15×0.8-1.1 cm, linear-lanceolate, beige to brown, abaxial surface pubescent with trichomes stellate, adaxial surface velutinous with trichomes simple and long, and trichomes stellate thin forming a marginal line c. 2 mm larg; stamens 240-350, white, fused at the base, staminal tube, 0.7-1.1 cm long, glabrous, free parts of stamens 5-12 cm long, anthers monothecate, white, clavate, rimose, basifixed; ovary 5-6×3-4 mm, conic, not costate, glabrescent, 5 locules, numerous ovules per locule; styles 12-13.5 cm long, glabrous, white, stigmas 5 lobed, white. Capsule 11-13×1.8-2.5 cm, oblong, dehiscence longitudinal, glabrous, subwoody, cotton-fiber beige brownish, calyx persistent; seeds 5×3 mm, piriform to subglobose, light brown, without macules.

Specimens examined: BRAZIL, BAHIA: Bendengó, estrada sentido Uauá, BR235/Km204, 09º57ʹ08.7ʺS 39º16ʹ10.9ʺW 463m, 18.X.2014, fl., J.B. Lima et al. 562 (HUNEB); Uauá, 4 km depois de Uauá, estrada sentido Monte Santo, 09º52ʹ43.4ʺS 39º29ʹ21.0ʺW 473m, 18.X.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 568 (HUNEB); 09º52ʹ51.8ʺS 39º29ʹ24.4ʺW 473m, 18.X.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 569 (HUNEB).

Pseudobombax simplicifolium is endemic to the Caatinga, with records in the west regions of the state of Pernambuco, south region of Piauí, Bahia, Sergipe and Minas Gerais (Robyns 1963ROBYNS, A. 1963. Essai de Monographie du genre Bombax s.l. (Bombacaceae). Bull. Jard. Bot. Etat 33(1):1-311., Du Bocage & Sales 2002DU BOCAGE, A.L. & SALES, M.F. 2002. A família Bombacaceae Kunth no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Acta Bot. Bras. 16(2):123-139., Carvalho-Sobrinho 2006CARVALHO-SOBRINHO, J.G. 2006. O gênero Pseudobombax Dugand no estado da Bahia. Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana., Duarte 2015cDUARTE, M.C. 2015c. Pseudobombax. In Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/floradobrasil/FB9193 (last access in 13/04/2018).
http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/f... ). Being an indicator of the Caatinga domain, in the RCE the species was found only in the vicinity of the municipality of Uauá.

The species is recognized by having branches containing brachyblasts; 1(-3) foliate leaves; a short, glabrous staminal tube; fruits up to 2.5 cm in length; and seeds without macules. It was found in RCE with flowers in August and October and fruits in October. It is noteworthy for its wood and fiber production potential (Sampaio et al. 2005SAMPAIO, E.V.S.B., PARYEN, F.G.C., FIGUEIRÔA, J.M. & JUNIOR, A.G.S. 2005. Espécies da flora nordestina de importância econômica potencial. Associação Plantas do Nordeste, Recife.).

2. Byttnerioideae Burnett

Subshrubs to shrubs. Leaves simple, entires, venation palmately. Flowers actinomorphic, bissexual, diclamid, solitary or usually in inflorescence axillary or terminal. Calyx gamosepalous with 5 lobes. Corolla with 5 petals, fused in the base of staminal tube. Stamens 5, fused at the base, forming a staminal tube, with or without androgynophore, anthers rimose, dorsifixed. Ovary super; one ovule per locule, placentation axile. Fruit capsule.

Consisting of 26 genera and 650 species, Byttnerioideae occurs in the tropics of the New and Old World (Bayer & Kubitzki 2003BAYER, C. & KUBITZKI, K. 2003. Malvaceae. In The families and genera of vascular plants. flowering plants dicotyledons. Malvales, Capparales and non-betalain Caryophyllales. (K. Kubitzki & C. Bayer, eds). Springer-Verlag, Berlin. v.5, p.225-311.). In the RCE it is represented by three genera and nine species.

2.1. Ayenia hirta A.St.-Hil. & Naudin, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 2, 18: 34. 1842. Iconography: Cristóbal (1960: 161)CRISTÓBAL, C.L. 1960. Revisión del género Ayenia L. (Sterculiaceae). Opera Lilloana 4:1-230.. Figures 3H; 5H-K

Subshrubs 30-50 cm tall; branches cylindrical, not flexuose, hisute-tomentose, trichomes stellate sessile and simple sparse. Stipules linear 1-1.5 mm long, trichomes simple. Leaves alternate-spirallate; petiole 2-5 mm long, trichomes equal to branches; leaf blades 0.7-2.5×0.3-1.1 cm, ovate to elliptic, green, discolorous, chartaceous, base rounded to subchordate, apex acute, margin serrate, both surfaces tomentose, with trichomes stellate, more dense at the abaxial surface. Inflorescence cymose 3-5-flowers; pedicels 1-2 mm long; bracteoles absent; calyx 2-2.5 mm long, lobes with apex triangular, externally with trichomes stellate, internally with trichomes glandular; petals rose to purple, claw 3-3.8 mm long, glabrous, connecting the base of the androgynophore, blade 1-1.2×1-1.2 mm, pilose; androgynophore 1.5-1.8 mm long, staminal tube, 0.5-0.6 mm long, free parts of stamens c. 0.2 mm long; free parts of staminodes c. 0.3 mm long, anthers 3-thecate; ovary c. 0.5×0,5 mm, globose, papilate, 5 locules, 2 ovules per locule; styles 0.2-0.3 mm long, stigmas capitate. Capsule 4-5×5-6 mm; subglobose, dehiscence loculicidal, aculeus with trichomes stellate and simple, ferrugineous; seeds 2.5-3×1.8-2 mm, dark brownish to blackened, tuberculate, glabrous.

Specimens examined: BRAZIL, BAHIA: Banzaê, povoado Salgado, estrada do pau branco, 10º35ʹ55.0ʺS 38º41ʹ56.0ʺW 306m, 15.I.2014, fr., J.B. Lima et al. 157 (HUNEB); Povoado Serrota, 09º23ʹ19.1ʺS 38º27ʹ19.4ʺW 403m, 23.IV.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 311 (HUNEB); J.V. Santos et al. 292 (HUNEB); L.R. Silva et al. 285 (HUNEB); Paulo Afonso, saindo do Arrastapé em direção a ESEC, 09º34ʹ32.6ʺS 38º19ʹ28.5ʺW 373m, 06.V.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 318 (HUNEB); Estação Ecológica Raso da Catarina, próximo a base nova (3), 09º34ʹ51.5ʺS 38º29ʹ27.8ʺW 622m, 22.VII.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 449 (HUNEB); 03.IX.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 538 (HUNEB); Jeremoabo, Olho d’água dos negros, 10º01ʹ11.7ʺS 38º22ʹ08.7ʺW 432m, 5.VI.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 408 (HUNEB); Cícero Dantas, Fazenda Pombos, sentido boqueirão, 10º34ʹ37.3ʺS 38º23ʹ47.4ʺW 403m, 04.VIII.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 480 (HUNEB); Estrada do Sapé 10º19ʹ28.5ʺS 38º35ʹ42.8ʺW 614m, 05.VIII.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 490 (HUNEB).

Endemic to the Caatinga in the state of Bahia, Northeast Region of Brazil, Ayenia hirta (Cristóbal 1960CRISTÓBAL, C.L. 1960. Revisión del género Ayenia L. (Sterculiaceae). Opera Lilloana 4:1-230., Esteves 2015aESTEVES, G.L. 2015a. Ayenia. In Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/floradobrasil/FB25729 (last access in 13/04/2018).
http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/f... ). Widely distributed in the RCE, the species is common on roadsides.

Ayenia hirta can be recognized by hirsute branches; flowers measuring less than 1 cm; purple petals containing claw that bind to the base of the androgynophore; presence of 3-thecate anthers; and by aculeate fruits with loculicidal dehiscence. It was found with flowers and fruits throughout the year.

2.2. Melochia betonicifolia A.St.-Hil., Fl. Bras. Merid. 1(4): 165. 1825. Iconography: Cristóbal (2006: 109CRISTÓBAL, C.L. 2006. Flora de Grão-Mogol, Minas Gerais: Sterculiaceae. Bol. Bot. Univ. São Paulo 24:107-113.), Gonçalez & Esteves (2017: 444GONÇALEZ, V.M. & ESTEVES, G.L. 2017. Estudo taxonômico de Melochia L. (Byttnerioideae, Malvaceae) na região Sudeste do Brasil. Hoehnea 44(3):431-448.). Figure 3I

Subshrubs c. 1.30 m tall; branches cylindrical, not flexuose, tomentose, trichomes stellate sessile. Stipules 3-5 mm long, linear, trichomes simple and stellate. Leaves alternate-spirallate; petiole 5-30 mm long, trichomes equal to branches; leaf blades 2.7-10.5×1.4-5.4 cm, ovate, green, discolorous, chartaceous, base rounded to truncate, apex acute, margin crenate, both surfaces pubescent, with trichomes stellate, more dense at the abaxial surface. Inflorescence cymose, umbeliform, oppositifolious terminal; pedicels 4-7 mm long; bracteoles absent; calyx 5-7 mm long, campanulate, green, lobes with apex lanceolate-acuminate, externally with trichomes stellate, internally glabrous; petals flat, 7-8×c.2 mm, spatulate, white with yellow base, glabrous, appendages absent; androgynophore absent; staminal tube c. 1.5 mm long, free parts of stamens 7-8 mm long in brevistylous flowers, anthers dithecate; ovary 2-3× c.1 mm, elliptic, hirsute at apex, 5 locules, 2 ovules per locule; styles 2-3 mm long in brevistylous flowers, longistylous flowers not observed, stigmas papilate. Capsule 0.7-1.5×1-2 cm, pyramidal, dehiscence loculicidal, tomentose, trichomes stellate, aculeus absent; seeds 1.5×0.5 mm, ellipsoid, light brown, glabrous.

Specimens examined: BRAZIL, BAHIA: Cícero Dantas, boqueirão, em frente a casa de Jorge, 10º33ʹ21.1ʺS 38º24ʹ29ʺW 406m, 04.VIII.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 476 (HUNEB). Euclides da Cunha, estrada em direção ao pai João André, Bela Vista, 10º30ʹ35.3ʺS 39º01ʹ11.2ʺW 253m, 18.III.2015, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 610 (HUNEB).

Endemic to Brazil, Melochia betonicifolia occurs in the Northeast (Bahia, Ceará, Pernambuco) and Southeast (Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro) regions, in Caatinga, Cerrado and Atlantic Forest (Cristóbal 2006CRISTÓBAL, C.L. 2006. Flora de Grão-Mogol, Minas Gerais: Sterculiaceae. Bol. Bot. Univ. São Paulo 24:107-113., Gonçalez 2013, Gonçalez 2018GONÇALEZ, V.M. 2018. Melochia. In Flora do Brasil 2020 em construção. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/floradobrasil/FB25754 (last access in 13/04/ 2018).
http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/reflora... ). It was few found in the RCE, where the species was found in areas of anthropized Caatinga.

Melochia betonicifolia differs from its congeners by having a white corolla with a yellow base measuring less than 1 cm long, and associated with the presence of pyramidal fruits. It was collected with flowers and fruits in March and August.

2.3. Melochia illicioides K.Schum., Fl. Bras. (Martius) 12(3): 31. 1886. Figures 3J; 5L-N

Subshrubs c. 1.8 m tall; branches cylindrical, not flexuose, tomentose, trichomes stellate sessile. Stipules c. 2 mm long, linear, trichomes simple and stellate. Leaves alternate-spirallate; petiole 5-17 mm long, trichomes equal to branches; leaf blades 2.5-7×1.5-4 cm, ovate to elliptic, green, discolorous, membranaceous, base rouded to subchordate, apex acute, margin crenate, both surfaces pubescent, trichomes stellate, more dense at the abaxial surface. Inflorescence cymose, umbeliform, oppositifolious terminal; pedicels 6-8 mm long; bracteoles absent; calyx 5-8 mm long, campanulate, green-vinaceous, lobes with apex lanceolate-acuminate, externally with trichomes stellate, internally trichomes only at apex; petals flat, 12-15×c.5 mm, obovate to spatulate, white with yellow base, glabrous, appendages absent; androgynophore absent, staminal tube, c. 1.5 mm long, free parts of stamens 6-10 mm long in brevistylous flowers, 4-6.5 mm long in longistylous flowers, anthers dithecate, yellow; ovary c. 3×2 mm, ovate-elliptic, hirsute at apex, 5-6 locules, 2 ovules per locule; styles 3-5 mm long in brevistylous flowers, 6-9 mm long in longistylous flowers, trichomes stellate, stigmas papilate. Capsule 1-1.7×0.7-1.8 cm, pyramidal, conic-globose, dehiscence loculicidal, tomentose, trichomes stellate, aculeus absent; seeds 1.5-2×0.5-1 mm, ellipsoid, ligth brown, glabrescent.

Specimens examined: BRAZIL, BAHIA: Jeremoabo, APA Serra Branca, estrada da ESEC aos Quelés, 09º56ʹ56.6ʺS 38º27ʹ04ʺW 586m, 27.I.2011, fl.; fr, R.R. Varjão et al. 30 (HUNEB); Estrada secundária que dá acesso a ESEC, 09º56ʹ36.6ʺS 38º27ʹ27.2ʺW 558m, 11.VII.2012, fl.; fr, J.B. Lima et al. 43 (HUNEB); 09º56ʹ37.3ʺS 38º27ʹ05.3ʺW 510m, 20.X.2013, fl.; fr, J.B. Lima et al. 129, 131 (HUNEB).

Melochia illicioides is known only from the city of Honda, in Colombia, and the state of Bahia, in Brazil, where it grows among Atlantic Forest and Cerrado vegetation (Goldberg 1967GOLDBERG, A. 1967. The genus Melochia L. (Sterculiaceae). Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 34(5):191-363., Gonçalez 2018GONÇALEZ, V.M. 2018. Melochia. In Flora do Brasil 2020 em construção. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/floradobrasil/FB25754 (last access in 13/04/ 2018).
http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/reflora... ). It is treated here as a new occurrence for the Caatinga. In the RCE the species was found only in the EPASB.

In the RCE, M. illicioides can be recognized by its white corolla of 12-15 mm in length and by its pyramidal, conic-globose, fruit. It flowers and fruits throughout the year.

2.4. Melochia tomentosa L., Syst. Nat., ed. 10. 2: 1140. 1759. Iconography: Rondón & Campos (2006: 149)RONDÓN, J.B. & CAMPOS, L.J.C. 2006. Clave preliminar para identificar especies de la familia Sterculiaceae en Venezuela. Universidad de Oriente, Venezuela, 18(2):142-152., Rondón (2007: 134RONDÓN, J.B. 2007. Estudio taxonómico del género Melochia L. (Sterculiaceae) en el estado Sucre, Venezuela. Revista UDO Agrícola 7(1):122-137., 2009: 54)RONDÓN, J.B. 2009. Revisión taxonómica del género Melochia L. (Sterculiaceae) en Venezuela. Acta Bot. Venez. 32(1):1-61.. Figure 3K

Subshrubs 1-1.30 m tall; branches cylindrical, not flexuose, pubescent, trichomes stellate sessile. Stipules 2-3 mm long, linear, trichomes equal to branches. Leaves alternate-spirallate; petiole 1.5-5 mm long, tomentose; leaf blades 0.8-3.5×0.5-2.5 cm, ovate to elliptic, green, discolorous, chartaceous, base obtuse to subchordate, apex retuse, margin crenate-serrate, both surfaces tomentose, trichomes stellate. Inflorescence cymose, umbeliform, axillary and terminal; pedicels 5-7 mm long; bracteoles absent; calyx 5-7 mm long, campanulate, green-vinaceous, lobes with apex acuminate, externally with trichomes stellate, internally trichomes only at the apex; petals flat, 8-10×5-7 mm, obovate, lilac with yellow base, glabrous, appendages absent; androgynophore absent; staminal tube c. 1.5 mm long, free parts of stamens 6-12 mm long in brevistylous flowers, 5-7 mm long in longistylous flowers, anthers dithecate; ovary c. 2×1 mm, ellipsoid, tomentose at the apex, 5 locules, 2 ovules per locule; styles 3-5.2 mm long in brevistylous flowers, 6-8 mm long in longistylous flowers, trichomes stellate in both forms, stigmas papilate. Capsule 0.8-1×0.8-1 cm, pyramidal, dehiscence loculicidal, tomentose, trichomes stellate, aculeus absent; seeds c. 2.1×1.5 mm, ellipsoid, dark brown, glabrous.

Specimens examined: BRAZIL, BAHIA: Jeremoabo, APA Serra Branca, próximo ao barreiro, 09º52ʹ46.5ʺS 38º40ʹ00.9ʺW 472m, 24.I.2013, fl., V.O. Amorim et al. 209 (HUNEB); Fazenda Serra Branca, tanque de dentro, 09º51ʹ55.6ʺS 38º38ʹ45.2ʺW 156m, 30.X.2008, fl., M.V. Romão et al. 390 (HUNEB); Caminho da Judite, próximo a serra do navio, 09º51ʹ55.5ʺS 38º38ʹ45ʺW 469m, 03.XI.2011, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 02, 04 (HUNEB); Estrada em direção a serra do navio, após o dedo de Deus, 09º52ʹ43.4ʺS 38º39ʹ14.5ʺW 463m, 11.II.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 188 (HUNEB); Roça velha, perto do currau, 09º56ʹ45.1ʺS 38º42ʹ12.6ʺW 335m, 30.VII.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 452 (HUNEB); Canudos, Parque Estadual de Canudos, próximo ao açude Cócorobo, 09º55ʹ03.6ʺS 39º06ʹ19.6ʺW 376m, 20.IV.2008, fl., C.L.S.B. Correia et al. 12 (HUNEB); Alto do Mário, 09º55ʹ07.6ʺS 39º06ʹ36.6ʺW 388m, 11.X.2008, fl., C.L.S.B. Correia et al. 49 (HUNEB); Alto da favela, 09º54ʹ59.9ʺS 39º07ʹ01.6ʺW 401m, 22.III.2008, fl.; fr., M.V. Romão et al. 27 (HUNEB); 10.V.2008, fl.; fr., M.V. Romão et al. 160 (HUNEB); Fazenda velha, 09º54ʹ44.2ʺS 39º07ʹ17.8ʺW 366m, 21.IX.2008, fl.; fr., M.V. Romão et al. 344 (HUNEB); Vale da morte, 09º55ʹ11ʺS 39º07ʹ01.1ʺW 376m, 15.X.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 544 (HUNEB); Estação Biológica de Canudos, 09º56ʹ41.1ʺS 39º00ʹ55.7ʺW 443m, 27.III.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 256 (HUNEB); Paulo Afonso, Estação Ecológica Raso da Catarina, Base velha (petrobras), 09º43ʹ52.6ʺS 38º40ʹ57.1ʺW 601m, 16.IV.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 296, 299 (HUNEB); 02.IX.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 525 (HUNEB); Povoado Arrastapé, 09º30ʹ49.2ʺS 38º16ʹ55.3ʺW 300m, 20.III.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 216 (HUNEB); Povoado Barrinha, 09º35ʹ11.2ʺS 38º19ʹ32.2ʺW 404m, 6.V.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 322 (HUNEB); Macururé, saída em direção a Chorrochó, 09º09ʹ02ʺS 39º03ʹ31ʺW 361m, 2.VI.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 396 (HUNEB).

It is distributed in the Americas, including Florida, Mexico, Honduras, Nicaragua, Bahamas, Cuba, Haití, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Curaçao, Puerto Rico, Trinidad, Colombia, Venezuela and Brazil (Rondón 2007RONDÓN, J.B. 2007. Estudio taxonómico del género Melochia L. (Sterculiaceae) en el estado Sucre, Venezuela. Revista UDO Agrícola 7(1):122-137., 2009RONDÓN, J.B. 2009. Revisión taxonómica del género Melochia L. (Sterculiaceae) en Venezuela. Acta Bot. Venez. 32(1):1-61.). In Brazil, Melochia tomentosa is found in the Northeast (Alagoas, Bahia, Ceará, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Piauí) and Central-West (Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso) regions, in a variety of environments such as Caatinga, Cerrado and Atlantic Forest (Gonçalez 2018GONÇALEZ, V.M. 2018. Melochia. In Flora do Brasil 2020 em construção. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/floradobrasil/FB25754 (last access in 13/04/ 2018).
http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/reflora... ). The species is widely distributed in the RCE, both in preserved and anthropized areas.

The species can be recognized by its lilac-colored corolla with a yellow base and its axillary umbelliform inflorescence. It was found with flowers and fruits in all months of the year. It possesses medicinal, apicultural and forage potential (Rondón 2009RONDÓN, J.B. 2009. Revisión taxonómica del género Melochia L. (Sterculiaceae) en Venezuela. Acta Bot. Venez. 32(1):1-61., Sampaio et al. 2005SAMPAIO, E.V.S.B., PARYEN, F.G.C., FIGUEIRÔA, J.M. & JUNIOR, A.G.S. 2005. Espécies da flora nordestina de importância econômica potencial. Associação Plantas do Nordeste, Recife.).

2.5. Waltheria albicans Turcz., Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 31(1): 214. 1858. Iconography: Cristóbal (2006: 112)CRISTÓBAL, C.L. 2006. Flora de Grão-Mogol, Minas Gerais: Sterculiaceae. Bol. Bot. Univ. São Paulo 24:107-113., Rondón (2008: 14)RONDÓN, J.B. 2008. Revisión taxonómica del género Waltheria L. (Sterculiaceae) en Venezuela, Ernstia 18(1):7-36.. Figures 3L; 6A-E

Subshrubs 70-80 cm tall; branches cylindrical, not flexuose, tomentose, trichomes glandular and stellate sessile. Stipules 3-5 mm long, narrow-triangular, trichomes equal to branches. Leaves alternate-spirallate; petiole 5-22 mm long, tomentose; leaf blades 2.1-6×1.2-4.9 cm, ovate to orbicular, green slightly canescent, discolorous, chartaceous, base obtuse to subchordate, apex rouded, margin dentate to serrate, both surfaces tomentose, trichomes stellate more dense on abaxial surface. Inflorescence cymose in glomerule, axillary and terminal; pedicels 1-2 mm long; bracteoles 4, 5-6 mm long., linear-lanceolate, green, trichomes simple; calyx 6 mm long, campanulate, green, lobes with apex acuminate, externally sericeous, with trichomes simple, internally with trichomes only at the apex; petals flat, 8-10×3-5 mm, obdeltoid, yellow, trichomes simple internally, appendages absent; androgynophore absent; staminal tube c. 1 mm long, free portion of stamens c. 5 mm long, in brevistylous flowers, anthers dithecate; ovary c. 1×0.5 mm, ovoid to elipsoid, sericeous, 1 locule, 1 ovule per locule; styles c. 1 mm long in brevistylous flowers, trichomes simple sparse, form longistylous not observed, stigmas ciliated. Capsule c. 4×2 mm, obovate, dehiscence loculicidal, trichomes simple, aculeus absent; seeds c. 3×2 mm, obovoid, brownish, glabrous.

Specimens examined: BRAZIL, BAHIA: Macururé, povoado Salgado do melão, próximo ao posto de saúde, 09º17ʹ51.7ʺS 38º41ʹ24.8ʺW 422m, 02.VI.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 392 (HUNEB); Jeremoabo, APA Serra Branca, estrada principal em direção a ESEC, 09º57ʹ12.1ʺS 38º26ʹ33.7ʺW 513m, 19.XII.2013, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 127 (HUNEB); Baixa da forra, perto da roça do Sr. Antônio Roxinho, 09º57ʹ16.1ʺS 38º26ʹ23.2ʺW 505m, 19.XII.2013, fl.; fr., T.D.C. Batista et al. 31 (HUNEB).

Waltheria albicans is distributed in Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Guiana, Mexico, Paraguay and Venezuela (Cristóbal 1998CRISTÓBAL, C.L. 1998. Flora Fanerogámica Argentina: Sterculiaceae. Proflora, Cordoba, p. 1-32., Rondón 2008RONDÓN, J.B. 2008. Revisión taxonómica del género Waltheria L. (Sterculiaceae) en Venezuela, Ernstia 18(1):7-36.). In Brazil it is found in the Amazon Rainforest, Caatinga and Cerrado. In the Northeast Region it is distributed among the states of Bahia, Ceará, Maranhão, Pernambuco and Piauí (Esteves 2015bESTEVES, G.L. 2015b. Waltheria. In Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/floradobrasil/FB9270 (last access in 13/04/2018).
http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/f... ). It was few found in the RCE, where the species was found in an open field.

In the RCE, the species can be recognized by an indumentum with two branches with glandular trichomes and obdeltoid petals reaching 10 mm in length. It was found with flowers and fruits throughout the year.

2.6. Waltheria brachypetala Turcz., Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 31(1): 215. 1858. Figures 3M; 6F-J

Popular name: malva-preta.

Shrubs 1.5-2 m tall; branches cylindrical, flexuose, tomentose, trichomes stellate stipitated. Stipules c. 6 mm long, linear, trichomes equal to branches. Leaves alternate-spirallate; petiole 4-7 mm long, tomentose; leaf blades 3.5-7×1.2-2.5 cm, lanceolate slightly falciform, green canescent, concolor, chartaceous, base obtuse to rounded, apex acuminate, margin dentate, both surfaces tomentose, trichomes stellate. Inflorescence cymose in glomerule, axillary, bracts c. 6 mm long, filiform, tomentose; pedicels 1-2 mm long; bracteoles 3, c. 5.5×3.5 mm, elliptic, sericeous; calyx c. 5 mm long, campanulate, green, lobes with apex acute, externally with trichomes stellate, internally glabrous; petals flat, c. 6×4 mm, spatulate, yellow, glabrous; androgynophore absent, staminal tube c. 1.8-2 mm long in brevistylous flowers, 2-3.5 mm long in longistylous flowers, free portion of stamens c. 0.5 mm, anthers dithecate, yellow; ovary c. 0.8×3.5 mm, ellipsoid, velutinous, 1 locule, 1 ovule per locule; styles 1-1.8 mm long in brevistylous flowers, 4-5.2 mm long in longistylous flowers, stigmas plumose. Capsule c. 3×2 mm, ellipsoid, dehiscence apical, trichomes stellate, aculeus absent; seeds 2-2.5×1.3-1.7 mm, obovoid, brownish, glabrous.

Specimens examined: BRAZIL, BAHIA: Jeremoabo, APA Serra Branca, estrada saíndo dos Quelés sentido ESEC, 09º56ʹ45.7ʺS 38º27ʹ30.1ʺW 607m, 29.VII.2009, fl., T.M. Silva et al. 145 (HUNEB); Caminho perto de Quelés, 09º54ʹ16.8ʺS 38º29ʹ33.5ʺW 605m, 08.IX.2009, fl.; fr., M.V. Romão et al. 526 (HUNEB); Estrada secundária sentido ESEC, 09º56ʹ36.6ʺS 38º27ʹ27.2ʺW 558m, 11.VII.2012, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 42 (HUNEB); Paulo Afonso, Estação Ecológica Raso da Catarina, trilha sentido mata da Pororoca, 09º44ʹ37.4ʺS 38º29ʹ28.8ʺW 648m, 24.IX.2013, fl., J.B. Lima et al. 103 (HUNEB); Caminho para a base velha da petrobrás, 09º39ʹ02.4ʺS 38º29ʹ38.1ʺW 621m, 16.IV.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 286 (HUNEB); Base velha (petrobras), 09º43ʹ52.6ʺS 38º40ʹ57.1ʺW 601m, 10.VI.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 424 (HUNEB); 02.IX.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 530 (HUNEB); Trilha sentido sul da estação, ca. de 10 km da mata da Pororoca, 09º52ʹ19.2ʺS 38º29ʹ31.4ʺW 629m, 08.IX.2011, fl., C.L.S.B. Correia et al. 562 (HUNEB); Próximo a casa 2 do ICMBio, trilha da baixa da cascavel, 09º44ʹ176ʺS 38º40ʹ967ʺW 593m, 26.IX.2011, fl., C.L.S.B. Correia et al. 576 (HUNEB); Canudos, Estação Biológica de Canudos, trilha para o saco das araras, 09º58ʹ26.6ʺS 38º59ʹ42.1ʺW 566m, 26.III.2014, fl., J.B. Lima et al. 222 (HUNEB); Baixada depois da base 2, caminho para base 1, 09º56ʹ46.4ʺS 39º00ʹ42.7ʺW 433m, 26.III.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 224 (HUNEB); Caminho da lagoa dos Manezão, 09º56ʹ47.7ʺS 39º00ʹ43.2ʺW 421m, 13.V.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 371 (HUNEB); Saco do gavião, 09º57ʹ16.4ʺS 39º00ʹ13.6ʺW 422m, 14.V.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 378 (HUNEB); Baixada depois da base 2, trilha em direção aos sacos das araras, 09º56ʹ46.3ʺS 39º00ʹ33.4ʺW 425m, 16.X.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 551 (HUNEB); Quinjingue, povoado Tanque do rumo, 10º43ʹ52.2ʺS 38º54ʹ13.2ʺW 343m, 06.VIII.2014, fl., J.B. Lima et al. 501 (HUNEB).

Endemic to Caatinga of the Northeastern Brazil, Waltheria brachypetala is recorded from the states of Bahia, Ceará, Pernambuco and Piauí. Is considered an indicator of this environment (Amorim et al. 2009AMORIM, B.S., SAUNDERS, J.G., DU BOCAGE NETA, A.L. & ALVES , M. 2009. Malvaceae s.l. In Flora de Mirandiba. (M. Alves, M.F. Araujo, J.R. Maciel, S. Martins, eds). Associação Plantas do Nordeste, Recife. p. 245-262., Esteves 2015bESTEVES, G.L. 2015b. Waltheria. In Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/floradobrasil/FB9270 (last access in 13/04/2018).
http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/f... ). It is widely distributed in the RCE, and can be found forming dense populations in conservation units.

Waltheria brachypetala is recognized by flexuous branches with stellate stipitate trichomes; lanceolate, slightly falciform leaves; and sericeous bracts and calyces. It flowers and fruits throughout the year.

2.7. Waltheria indica L., Sp. Pl. 2: 673. 1753. Iconography: Cristóbal (2006: 112)CRISTÓBAL, C.L. 2006. Flora de Grão-Mogol, Minas Gerais: Sterculiaceae. Bol. Bot. Univ. São Paulo 24:107-113., Rondón & Campos (2006: 150)RONDÓN, J.B. & CAMPOS, L.J.C. 2006. Clave preliminar para identificar especies de la familia Sterculiaceae en Venezuela. Universidad de Oriente, Venezuela, 18(2):142-152., Cruz (2007: 69)CRUZ, F.R. 2007. Sterculiaceae Vent. no estado de São Paulo. Dissertação de Mestrado, Instituto de Botânica da Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente, São Paulo., Rondón (2008: 24)RONDÓN, J.B. 2008. Revisión taxonómica del género Waltheria L. (Sterculiaceae) en Venezuela, Ernstia 18(1):7-36.. Figure 3N

Subshrubs 0.5-1.30 m tall; branches cylindrical, not flexuose, pubescent, trichomes simple and stellate sessile. Stipules 3-5 mm long, lanceolate, trichomes equal to branches. Leaves alternate-spirallate; petiole 0.6-2 cm long, pubescent; leaf blades 1.5-6.5×1-3 cm, ovate-elliptic, green not canescent, discolorous, chartaceous, base obtuse, apex acute, margin serrate, both surfaces pubescent, trichomes simple and stellate. Inflorescence cymose in glomerule dense, axillary; pedicels 1-2 mm long; bracteoles 3-4, c. 4-6 mm long, lanceolate, green, trichomes simple; calyx 4-5 mm long, campanulate, light green, lobes with apex acuminate, externally pubescent, with trichomes simple, internally with trichomes only to apex; petals flat, 4-6×0.5-1 mm, spatulate, yellow, trichomes simple at apex; staminal tube c. 2 mm long, free portion of stamens c. 0.5 mm long, anthers dithecate, yellow; ovary c. 1×0.5 mm, ovoid to elipsoid, sericeous, 1 locule, 2 ovules per locule; styles c. 1.5 mm long, with trichomes stellate, stigmas plumose. Capsule c. 3×2 mm, obovate, indehiscent, trichomes simple at apical portion, aculeus absent; seeds c. 2.5×1.6 mm, obovoid, brownish, glabrous.

Specimens examined: BRAZIL, BAHIA: Jeremoabo, Fazenda Serra Branca, a 9,5 km de distância da base da APA, baixão do araçá, 09º53ʹ08.6ʺS 38º38ʹ02.3ʺW 595m, 08.V.2008, fl.; fr., M.V. Romão et al. 138 (HUNEB); Base do ICMBio, 09º55ʹ17.3ʺS 38º42ʹ06ʺW 334m, 20.XII.2011, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 20 (HUNEB); Jeremoabo, 10º15ʹS 38º34ʹW, 29.X.1981, fl.; fr., R.P. Orlandi 570 (HRB, RB); Canudos, Estação biológica de Canudos, proximidades da base 02, 09º56ʹ41.1ʺS 39º00ʹ55.7ʺW 443m, 26.III.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 227 (HUNEB); Lagoa dos Manezão, 09º56ʹ58.2ʺS 39º00ʹ55.1ʺW 435m, 17.X.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 561 (HUNEB); Parque Estadual de Canudos, Vale da morte, 09º55ʹ11ʺS 39º07ʹ01.1ʺW 376m, 15.X.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 549 (HUNEB); Paulo Afonso, Estação Ecológica Raso da Catarina, Base velha da Petrobrás, 09º43ʹ59.7ʺS 38º40ʹ56.3ʺW 598m, 19.III.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 210, 213 (HUNEB); Estrada sentido a base velha, próximo ao barreiro, 09º39ʹ01.1ʺS 38º34ʹ33.5ʺW 586m, 16.IV.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 293 (HUNEB); Proximidades da base velha, 09º43ʹ52.6ʺS 38º40ʹ57.1ʺW 601m, 10.VI.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 423 (HUNEB); 02.IX.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 526 (HUNEB); Povoado barrinha, 09º35ʹ11.2ʺS 38º19ʹ32.2ʺW 404m, 6.V.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 320, 323 (HUNEB); Cícero Dantas, Fazenda Pombos, sentido boqueirão, 10º34ʹ37.3ʺS 38º23ʹ47.4ʺW 403m, 04.VIII.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 482 (HUNEB); Estrada do sapé, 10º19ʹ32.5ʺS 38º35ʹ26.2ʺW 622m, 05.VIII.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 495 (HUNEB); Cícero Dantas, 10º36ʹS 39º23ʹW, 18.VIII.2003, fl.; fr., M.L. Guedes et al. 10559 (ALCB); Euclides da Cunha, Fazenda Binjé, do Sr. Alan, 10º34ʹ07.4ʺS 39º01ʹ01.8ʺW 462m, 07.VIII.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 504 (HUNEB); Banzaê, povoado Salgado, estrada do pau branco, 10º35ʹ55ʺS 38º41ʹ56ʺW 306m, 15.I.2014, fl., J.B. Lima et al. 158 (HUNEB).

The only species of the genus with a Pantropical distribution, Waltheria indica is present in all of the states and phytogeographic dominions of Brazil (Saunders 1995SAUNDERS, J.G. 1995. Systematics and evolution of Waltheria L (Sterculiaceae, Hermannieae). Tese de Doutorado, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, v.1-3., Esteves 2015bESTEVES, G.L. 2015b. Waltheria. In Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/floradobrasil/FB9270 (last access in 13/04/2018).
http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/f... ). It is widely distributed in the ecoregion, and is a common species of anthropized areas.

Waltheria indica is recognized by oval-elliptical discolorous leaves and dense inflorescences. According to Cruz (2007)CRUZ, F.R. 2007. Sterculiaceae Vent. no estado de São Paulo. Dissertação de Mestrado, Instituto de Botânica da Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente, São Paulo., this species exhibits great morphological variability, although it has homostylous flowers, which is a rare character for the genus. It flowers and fruits throughout the year. It possesses medicinal and apicultural potential (Lorenzi & Matos 2008LORENZI, H. & MATOS, F.J.A. 2008. Plantas Medicinais no Brasil. 2 ed. Instituto Plantarum, São Paulo., Sampaio et al. 2005SAMPAIO, E.V.S.B., PARYEN, F.G.C., FIGUEIRÔA, J.M. & JUNIOR, A.G.S. 2005. Espécies da flora nordestina de importância econômica potencial. Associação Plantas do Nordeste, Recife.).

2.8. Waltheria operculata Rose, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 5: 183. 1899. Iconography: (Rondón 2008RONDÓN, J.B. 2008. Revisión taxonómica del género Waltheria L. (Sterculiaceae) en Venezuela, Ernstia 18(1):7-36.: 12). Figures 3O; 6K-O

Subshrubs prostate c. 50 cm tall; branches cylindrical, not flexuose, hirsute, trichomes simple. Stipules 7-11×3-5 mm, lanceolate, trichomes equal to branches. Leaves alternate-spirallate; petiole 0.5-1.5 cm long, pilose; leaf blades 1.8-5.2×0.7-2 cm, elliptic to lanceolate, green, discolorous, membranaceous, base cuneate, apex atenuate, margin serrate, both surfaces pubescent, trichomes simple. Inflorescence cymose in glomerule scorpioid, terminal; pedicels 1-2 mm long; bracteoles 2-3, 5-6 mm long, elliptic, green not canescent, with trichomes simple; calyx 5 mm long, campanulate, green with apex brownish, lobes with apex acuminate, externally sericeous, with trichomes simple, internally with trichomes only at the apex; petals flat, c. 7×2 mm, spatulate, yellow, glabrous; staminal tube c. 2 mm long, free portion of stamens c. 0.2 mm long in longistylous flowers, anthers dithecate, yellow; ovary c. 1×0.5 mm, obovoid, glabrous with operculum sericeous, 1 locule, 1 ovules per locule; styles 0.8-1 mm long in longistylous flowers, brevistylous flowers not observed, stigmas c. 2 mm long, ciliated. Capsule c. 3×1-1.5 mm, obovoid, dehiscence apical opercular, trichomes simple at the operculum, aculeus absent; seeds c. 2×1-1.5 mm, obovoid, dark brownish, verrucose, glabrous.

Specimens examined: BRAZIL, BAHIA: Paulo Afonso, povoado Arrastapé, 09º33ʹ07.1ʺS 38º14ʹ53.2ʺW 269m, 06.V.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 315 (HUNEB); Entre os povoados Barrinha e Santo Antônio, 09º36ʹ40ʺS 38º20ʹ16ʺW 370m, 06.V.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 328 (HUNEB); Estação Ecológica Raso da Catarina, próximo a base nova (3), 09º34ʹ51.5ʺS 38º29ʹ27.8ʺW 622m, 22.VII.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 447 (HUNEB); Macururé, saída da cidade em direção a Chorrochó, 09º09ʹ02ʺS 38º03ʹ31ʺW 361m, 02.VI.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 393 (HUNEB); Rodelas, Lote de Natan, perímetro irrigado 4.5, 08º51ʹ16.7ʺS 38º44ʹ49ʺW 330m, 03.VI.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 405 (HUNEB).

The species is distributed in Bolivia, Colombia, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela and Brazil (Rondón 2008RONDÓN, J.B. 2008. Revisión taxonómica del género Waltheria L. (Sterculiaceae) en Venezuela, Ernstia 18(1):7-36.). In Brazil was recorded in the Northeast Region (Bahia, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte), Central-West (Goiás, Mato Grosso) and Southeast (Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro), where it occurs in Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest and Swamp (Esteves 2015bESTEVES, G.L. 2015b. Waltheria. In Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/floradobrasil/FB9270 (last access in 13/04/2018).
http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/f... ). In the RCE, the species was collected in anthropized areas.

Waltheria operculata is recognized in the RCE by its prostrate subshrub habit; an indumentum consisting of solely simple trichomes; and fruits with opercular dehiscence. It flowers and fruits throughout the year.

2.9. Waltheria rotundifolia Schrank, Syll. Pl. Nov. 2: 65. 1828. Figures 3P; 6P-T

Subshrubs 50-70 cm tall; branches cylindrical, not flexuose, tomentose, canescent, trichomes stellate sessile. Stipules 5-7 mm long, linear-lanceolate, trichomes equal to branches. Leaves alternate-spirallate; petiole 0.5-1 cm long, tomentose; leaf blades 1.5-3.2×1.5-3 cm, orbicular, green canescent, concolorous, chartaceous, base obtuse to truncate, apex rounded, margin dentate to serrate, both surfaces velutinous, with trichomes stellate more dense on abaxial surface. Inflorescence cymose in glomerule, axillary and terminal; pedicels 1-2 mm long; bracteoles 2-3, 4-6 mm long, linear-lanceolate, green, with trichomes simple and stellate; calyx 4 mm long, campanulate, green with apex brownish, lobes with apex acuminate, externally sericeous, with trichomes simple, internally with trichomes only at the apex; petals flat, c. 5×2 mm, spatulate, yellow, trichomes simple internally; staminal tube c. 3 mm long in brevistylous flowers, c. 2 mm long in longistylous flowers, free portion of stamens c. 0.2 mm long, anthers dithecate, yellow; ovary c. 1×0.5 mm, ovoid to elipsoid, sericeous, 1 locule, 1 ovule per locule; styles c. 1.5 mm long in brevistylous flowers, c. 5 mm long in longistylous flowers, geniculated, trichomes simple sparse, stigmas ciliated. Capsule c. 5×4 mm, ovoid to ellipsoid, indehiscent, trichomes simple, aculeus absent; seeds 2×1 mm, ellipsoid, brownish, glabrous.

Specimens examined: BRAZIL, BAHIA: Paulo Afonso, Estação Ecológica Raso da Catarina, base velha 09º43ʹ52.6ʺS 38º40ʹ57.1ʺW 601m, 16.IV.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 297, 300 (HUNEB); Povoado barrinha, 09º35ʹ11.2ʺS 38º19ʹ32.2ʺW 404m, 6.V.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 326 (HUNEB); Jeremoabo, estrada do tamburi, em direção aos Quelés, 09º57ʹ41.9ʺS 38º25ʹ32.3ʺW 509m, 03.IX.2012, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 48 (HUNEB); Banzaê, povoado Salgado, estrada do pau branco, 10º35ʹ55ʺS 38º41ʹ56ʺW 306m, 15.I.2014, fl., J.B. Lima et al. 154 (HUNEB); Canudos, Parque estadual de Canudos, Vale da morte, 09º55ʹ20.9ʺS 39º07ʹ04.4ʺW 581m, 12.V.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 358, 361 (HUNEB); Rodelas, Lote de Natan, perímetro irrigado 4.5, 08º51ʹ16.7ʺS 38º44ʹ49ʺW 330m, 03.VI.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 403 (HUNEB); Macururé, estrada depois de Macururré em direção a Chorrochó, 08º54ʹ59.1ʺS 39º01ʹ04.5ʺW 328m, 02.VI.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 397, 398 (HUNEB).

The species is recorded in arid regions of Texas, Mexico and Central America (Amorim et al. 2009AMORIM, B.S., SAUNDERS, J.G., DU BOCAGE NETA, A.L. & ALVES , M. 2009. Malvaceae s.l. In Flora de Mirandiba. (M. Alves, M.F. Araujo, J.R. Maciel, S. Martins, eds). Associação Plantas do Nordeste, Recife. p. 245-262.). In Brazil it occurs only in the Northeast Region in the states of Bahia, Pernambuco, Piauí and Rio Grande do Norte, in environments of Caatinga and Cerrado (Esteves 2015bESTEVES, G.L. 2015b. Waltheria. In Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/floradobrasil/FB9270 (last access in 13/04/2018).
http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/f... ). It is common in anthropized areas and widely distributed in the study area.

In the RCE the species is characterized by having canescent branches and leaves, as well as orbicular, concolorous leaves. Waltheria rotundifolia is found with flowers and fruit throughout the year.

3. Grewioideae Hochr.

Subshrubs to trees. Leaves simple, entire to lobed, venation palmately. Flowers actinomorphic, bissexual, diclamid, usually solitary or in inflorescence terminal or axillary. Calyx with 5 sepals, free. Corolla with 5 petals, free. Stamens five to numerous, anthers dithecate, rimose, dorsifixed. Androgynophore or gonophore present or absent. Ovary super, with one to numerous ovules per locule, placentation axile. Fruit capsule or nucaceous.

Grewioideae comprises 25 genera and 700 species, the majority of which occur in tropical regions of the New and Old World (Bayer & Kubitzki 2003BAYER, C. & KUBITZKI, K. 2003. Malvaceae. In The families and genera of vascular plants. flowering plants dicotyledons. Malvales, Capparales and non-betalain Caryophyllales. (K. Kubitzki & C. Bayer, eds). Springer-Verlag, Berlin. v.5, p.225-311.). It is represented in the study area by three genera and four species.

3.1. Corchorus hirtus L., Sp. Pl. 2(1): 747. 1762. Iconography: Shumann (1886: 26)SCHUMANN, K. 1886. Bombacaceae, Sterculiaceae and Tiliaceae. In Flora Brasiliensis (C.F.P. Martius, A.G. Eichler & I. Urban, eds.). F. Fleischer, Lipsiae, V.12, pars 3, p.1-250., Souza & Esteves (2002: 339)SOUZA, B.M. & ESTEVES, G.L. 2002. Tiliaceae. In Flora Fanerogâmica do Estado de São Paulo (M.G.L. Wanderley, G.J. Shepherd, T.S. Melhem, A.M. Giulietti & S.E. Martins, eds). São Paulo, Instituto de Botânica, FAPESP, 2: 331-342., Tschá et al. (2002: 8)TSCHÁ, M.C., SALES, M.F. & ESTEVES, G.L. 2002. Tiliaceae Juss. No estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Hoehnea 29(1):1-18.. Figure 3Q

Subshrubs c. 50 cm tall; branches cylindrical, pubescent to glabrescent, trichomes simple sparse and a dense longitudinal line trichomes; stipules 4-5 mm long, linear, trichomes equal to branches. Leaves entires, alternate-spirallate; petiole 0.3-1.5 cm long, pubescent; leaf blades 1.7-5.8×0.9-2.3 cm, ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, green, discolorous, membranaceous, base obtuse to rounded, apex acute, margin serrate, both surfaces pilose, trichomes simple sparse. Inflorescence cymose, with 2 flowers, axillary or terminal; pedicels 9-10 mm long; sepals flat 8-10 mm long, oblong, apex acuminate, externally with trichomes simple, internally glabrous; petals c. 8×2.5-3 mm, obovate, yellow, glabrous; staminodes absents, androgynophore short, without glands, stamens 48, 6-7 mm long, free; ovary 2-3×0.8-1 mm, cylindric to elliptic, sericeous, 4 locules, numerous ovules per locule; styles 5 mm long, stigmas capitate. Capsule 1.8-3.9×0.2-0.3 cm, elongate-flattened, dehiscence longitudinal, hirsute, with trichomes simple; seeds c. 1.2×1 mm, tetragonal, blackened, without wings, glabrous.

Specimens examined: BRAZIL, BAHIA: Euclides da Cunha, Fazenda Binjé, do Sr. Alan, antes da barragem, 10º34ʹ13.5ʺS 39º01ʹ22.6ʺW 383m, 07.VIII.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 514 (HUNEB); Jeremoabo, povoado Brejinho, ao lado do cemitério, 10º02ʹ39.5ʺS 38º21ʹ43.3ʺW 310m, 14.VIII.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 518 (HUNEB); 25.XI.2014, fr., J.B. Lima et al. 571 (HUNEB).

The species is widely distributed in South America (Robyns 1964bROBYNS, A. & CUATRECASAS, J. 1964. Sterculiaceae. In Flora of Panamá (Woodson Jr, R.E., Schery, R.W. & Robyns, A., eds.). Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard, St. Louis, 51:69-107.), especially in Brazil, where it occurs in all regions, in different environments such as Amazon Rainforest, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest and Swamp. The species was cataloged for the majority of the states of the Northeast Region, except Rio Grande do Norte and Piauí (Bovini 2015BOVINI, M.G., ESTEVES, G., DUARTE, M.C., TAKEUCHI, C., KUNTZ, J. 2015. Malvaceae. In Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/floradobrasil/FB156. (last access in 13/04/2018).
http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/f... ). It was uncommon in the RCE, found in preserved and anthropized area.

Corchorus hirtus can be recognized by its indumentum of two branches composed of sparse simple trichomes, being denser where it forms a longitudinal line; alongate-compressed fruits; and by tetragonal seeds. It was collected with flowers and fruits in June to November. According to Sampaio et al. (2005)SAMPAIO, E.V.S.B., PARYEN, F.G.C., FIGUEIRÔA, J.M. & JUNIOR, A.G.S. 2005. Espécies da flora nordestina de importância econômica potencial. Associação Plantas do Nordeste, Recife., it has apicultural and fiber production potential.

3.2. Luehea candicans Mart., Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 1(4): 102. 1826. Iconography: Souza & Esteves (2002: 339)SOUZA, B.M. & ESTEVES, G.L. 2002. Tiliaceae. In Flora Fanerogâmica do Estado de São Paulo (M.G.L. Wanderley, G.J. Shepherd, T.S. Melhem, A.M. Giulietti & S.E. Martins, eds). São Paulo, Instituto de Botânica, FAPESP, 2: 331-342.. Figure 4K-M

Tree c. 5 m tall; branches cylindrical, young pubescent, trichomes stellate; stipules 0.4-0.8 cm ovate-acuminate, pubescent. Leaves entire, alternate-spirallate; petioles 0.3-0.4 cm long, pubescent, trichomes equal to branches; leaf blades 3.4-7×2-3.6 cm, semi-coriaceous, ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, green, discolorous, chartaceous to semi-coriaceous, apex acute to acuminate, base obtuse to subchordate, margin irregulary serrate, surface adaxial rough, glabrescent with trichomes stellate sparse, surface adaxial velutinous with trichomes stellate. Solitary flower, terminal; flower passed, not examined. Capsule 1.5-2.8×0.7-1.6 cm, obovoid to ellipsoid, loculicidal, green and tomentose when young, glabrescent and blackened when mature, trichomes stellate; seeds 0.8-1.1×0.3-0.5 cm, elliptic, winged at the apex, wing 0.5-0.8 cm, glabrous.

Specimens examined: BRAZIL, BAHIA: Euclides da Cunha, Fazenda Brinjé, do Sr. Alan, 10º34ʹ17.8ʺS 39º01ʹ08.7ʺW 376m, 07.VIII.2014, fr., J.B. Lima et al. 509 (HUNEB).

The species is distributed in Paraguay, Bolivia, Argentina and Brazil, where it is widely distributed in all states of the Central-West, Southeast and South regions in Cerrado and Atlantic Forest (Souza & Esteves 2002SOUZA, B.M. & ESTEVES, G.L. 2002. Tiliaceae. In Flora Fanerogâmica do Estado de São Paulo (M.G.L. Wanderley, G.J. Shepherd, T.S. Melhem, A.M. Giulietti & S.E. Martins, eds). São Paulo, Instituto de Botânica, FAPESP, 2: 331-342., Esteves 2015cESTEVES, G.L. 2015c Luehea. In Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/floradobrasil/FB9091 (last access in 13/04/2018).
http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/f... ). It is rare in the RCE, and was collected only once. This is the first record of the species for the state of Bahia.

Luehea candicans is recognized in the study area by its tree habit; simple leaves; and solitary flower. It was collected in the RCE with passed flowers and fruits in August. The species has ornamental and apicultural potential and its wood can be used in furniture manufacturing (Souza & Esteves 2002SOUZA, B.M. & ESTEVES, G.L. 2002. Tiliaceae. In Flora Fanerogâmica do Estado de São Paulo (M.G.L. Wanderley, G.J. Shepherd, T.S. Melhem, A.M. Giulietti & S.E. Martins, eds). São Paulo, Instituto de Botânica, FAPESP, 2: 331-342., Sampaio et al. 2005SAMPAIO, E.V.S.B., PARYEN, F.G.C., FIGUEIRÔA, J.M. & JUNIOR, A.G.S. 2005. Espécies da flora nordestina de importância econômica potencial. Associação Plantas do Nordeste, Recife.).

3.3. Luehea paniculata Mart., Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 1(4): 100. 1826. Iconography: Tschá et al. (2002: 11)TSCHÁ, M.C., SALES, M.F. & ESTEVES, G.L. 2002. Tiliaceae Juss. No estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Hoehnea 29(1):1-18.. Figure 5A-C

Popular name: açoita-cavalo.

Tree c. 8 m tall; branches cylindrical, young pubescent to tomentose, trichomes stellate, ferrugineous; stipules 2-3 mm long, linear, deciduous. Leaves entire, alternate-spirallate; petioles 0.7-1.3 cm long, trichomes equal to branches; leaf blades 6.5-12.8×3.2-8.3 cm, ovate-oblong, green, discolorous, coriaceous, base obtuse to subchordate, apex obtuse to acute, margin serrate, surface adaxial pubescent with trichomes stellate ferrugineous, surface abaxial lanuginose canescent and trichomes stellate ferrugineous sparse. Inflorescence paniculate, terminal and axillary; flowers not observed. Capsule 1.7-2.2×0.9-1.5 cm, oboval, loculocide, pubescent; seeds 8-9×3.8-4 mm, elliptic, apex winged, wing c. 6 mm long.

Specimens examined: BRAZIL, BAHIA: Cícero Dantas, estrada do Sapé, 10º19ʹ32.5ʺS 38º35ʹ26.2ʺW 622m, 05.VIII.2014, bt.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 492 (HUNEB).

The species is distributed in Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay (Milward-de-Azevedo & Valente 2005MILWARD-DE-AZEVEDO, M.A. & VALENTE, M.C. 2005. Tiliaceae da mata de encosta do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro e arredores, Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Arquivos do Museu Nacional 63:631-637.). In Brazil it has been recorded in all regions and in various environments such as the Amazon Rainforest, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest and the Pantanal. In the Northeast Region the species does not occur in the states of Rio Grande do Norte and Sergipe (Esteves 2015cESTEVES, G.L. 2015c Luehea. In Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/floradobrasil/FB9091 (last access in 13/04/2018).
http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/f... ). It is rare in the RCE, and was collected only once.

Luehea paniculata is recognized in the area by its tree habit; simple leaves canescent on the abaxial surface; and paniculiform inflorescences. It was collected in the study area with buds and fruits only in August. It has wood, medicinal and apicultural potential (Guimarães et al. 1993GUIMARÃES, E.F., MAUTONE, L., RIZZINI, C.T. & MATTOS FILHO, A., 1993. Árvores do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Ed. Lidador, Rio de Janeiro., Milward-de-Azevedo & Valente 2005MILWARD-DE-AZEVEDO, M.A. & VALENTE, M.C. 2005. Tiliaceae da mata de encosta do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro e arredores, Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Arquivos do Museu Nacional 63:631-637., Sampaio et al. 2005SAMPAIO, E.V.S.B., PARYEN, F.G.C., FIGUEIRÔA, J.M. & JUNIOR, A.G.S. 2005. Espécies da flora nordestina de importância econômica potencial. Associação Plantas do Nordeste, Recife.).

3.4. Triumfetta semitriloba Jacq., Enum. Syst. Pl. 22. 1760. Iconography: Lay (1950: 374)LAY, K.K. 1950. The American Species of Triumfetta L. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard 37:315-395., Souza & Esteves (2002: 339)SOUZA, B.M. & ESTEVES, G.L. 2002. Tiliaceae. In Flora Fanerogâmica do Estado de São Paulo (M.G.L. Wanderley, G.J. Shepherd, T.S. Melhem, A.M. Giulietti & S.E. Martins, eds). São Paulo, Instituto de Botânica, FAPESP, 2: 331-342., Tschá et al. (2002: 15)TSCHÁ, M.C., SALES, M.F. & ESTEVES, G.L. 2002. Tiliaceae Juss. No estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Hoehnea 29(1):1-18., Alves et al. (2011: 15)ALVES, I.M., DANTAS, I.C., MELO, J.I.M. & FELISMINO, D.C. 2011. A Família Malvaceae sensu lato em uma área do agreste paraibano, Nordeste do Brasil. BioFar. 06(01):1-20.. Figure 3R

Popular name: carrapicho.

Subshrubs 1.3-1.5 m tall; branches cylindrical, pubescent, trichomes stellate; stipules 4-6 mm long, linear, trichomes equal to branches. Leaves entire to semi-trilobate, alternate-spirallate; petiole 2-3 cm long, tomentose; leaf blades 4-9×2.5-7.5 cm, largely ovate to elliptic, green, discolorous, membranaceous, base truncate to subchordate, apex acute-acuminate, margin irregulary serrate, both surfaces pubescent, with trichomes stellate. Inflorescence cymose, cymule with 3 to 5 flowers, axillary or terminal; pedicels 2-4 mm long; sepals cucullate 5-8 mm long, oblong, ellipsoid, with apicule at the extremities, externally with trichomes stellate, internally glabrous; petals 4.5-6×1-2 mm, elliptic-spatulate, yellow, ciliated; staminodes absents, gonophore 2-3 mm long with glands elliptic, stamens 12-15, 3.5-5 mm long, free; ovary 1-2×c.1 mm, globose, pubescent, locules 3-4, 2 ovules per locule; styles 4-5.5 mm long, stigmas acute. Nucaceous c. 1×1 cm, including the apicule, globose, indehiscent, glabrescent to pubescent, spine uncinate with trichomes simple; seeds c. 0.2×0.1 mm, ellipsoid, beige to brown, without wings, glabrous.

Specimens examined: BRAZIL, BAHIA: Jeremoabo, APA Serra Branca, baixa grande depois dos Quelés, roça de Mané de Chico, 09º58ʹ31ʺS 38º27ʹ01ʺW 564m, 03.IX.2012, fl.; fr., D.D. Vieira et al. 386 (HUNEB), J.B. Lima et al. 53 (HUNEB); Baixa dos Quelés, depois da porteira, próximo a casa de Antônio Rouxinho, 09º57ʹ30.3ʺS 38º26ʹ20ʺW 504m, 12.XI.2013, fl., J.V. Santos et al. 96 (HUNEB); Estrada saíndo dos Quelés, sentido ESEC, 09º56ʹ45.7ʺS 38º27ʹ30.1ʺW 607m, 29.VII.2009, fl., T.M. Silva et al. 131 (HUNEB); Povoado Brejinho, 10º02ʹ32ʺS 38º21ʹ44.2ʺW 307m, 31.VII.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 459 (HUNEB); Estrada depois da baixa da forra, indo para Quelés, 10º02ʹ22.7ʺS 38º21ʹ45.5ʺW 315m, 31.VII.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 465 (HUNEB); Baixa do tamburi, 09º57ʹ46ʺS 38º26ʹ12ʺW 478m, 14.VIII.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 520 (HUNEB); Cícero Dantas, boqueirão, em frente a casa de Jorge, 10º33ʹ21.1ʺS 38º24ʹ29ʺW 406m, 04.VIII.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 477 (HUNEB); estrada do Sapé, 10º19ʹ32.5ʺS 38º35ʹ26.2ʺW 622m, 05.VIII.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 493 (HUNEB).

It has a Pantropical distribution (Barroso 1978BARROSO, G.M., GUIMARÃES, E.F., ICHACO, C.L.F., COSTA, C.G. & PEIXOTO, A.L. 1978. Sistemática de angiosperma do Brasil. Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo.). It occurs throughout Brazil, with the exception of the states of Acre, Rondônia, Roraima, Amapá and Tocantins, in the Amazon Rainforest, Caatinga, Cerrado and Atlantic Forest (Esteves 2015dESTEVES, G.L. 2015d. Triumfetta. In Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/floradobrasil/FB9260 (last access in 13/04/2018).
http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/f... ). Well collected in the RCE, the species is known only in the EPASB (Jeremoabo) and the municipality of Cícero Dantas.

Triumfetta semitriloba is recognized in the study area by the presence of 12-15 stamens; apically ellipsoid sepals; androgynophore with elliptical glands; and glabrescent to pubescent fruits but with uncinate spines containing simple trichomes. It was found with flowers and fruit throughout the year. The species has apicultural potential (Sampaio et al. 2005SAMPAIO, E.V.S.B., PARYEN, F.G.C., FIGUEIRÔA, J.M. & JUNIOR, A.G.S. 2005. Espécies da flora nordestina de importância econômica potencial. Associação Plantas do Nordeste, Recife.).

4. Helicterioideae (Schott e Endl.) Meisn.

Shrubs. Leaves simple, entire, venation palmately. Flowers zygomorphic, bissexual, diclamid, solitary or in inflorescence terminal or axillary. Calyx gamosepalous with 5 lobes. Corolla with 5 petals, free. Androgynophore present. Stamens 10, free; staminode 5, anthers dithecate, rimose, dorsifixed. Ovary super, with numerous ovules per locule, placentation axile. Fruit capsule spirallate.

The subfamily includes six genera and 70 species distributed in the tropical regions of the New and Old World (Bayer & Kubitzki 2003BAYER, C. & KUBITZKI, K. 2003. Malvaceae. In The families and genera of vascular plants. flowering plants dicotyledons. Malvales, Capparales and non-betalain Caryophyllales. (K. Kubitzki & C. Bayer, eds). Springer-Verlag, Berlin. v.5, p.225-311.). Two species of the subfamily are recorded in the ecoregion.

4.1. Helicteres eichleri K. Shum., Fl. Bras. (Martius) 12(3): 16. 1886. Iconography: Cristóbal (2001: 103)CRISTÓBAL, C.L. 2001. Taxonomia del genero Helicteres (Sterculiaceae), revisión de las especies americanas. Bonplandia 11(1-4):1-206.. Figures 3S; 5D-G

Shrubs 1.8-2 m tall; branches cylindrical, tomentose, trichomes stellate, more dense in the extremities; stipules 1-1.5 cm long, linear, trichomes equal to branches. Leaves alternate-spirallate; petiole 1-2 cm long, tomentose; leaf blades 3-8×2-5 cm, ovate to elliptic, green, discolorous, chartaceous, base rounded to subchordate, apex acute, margin serrated, both surfaces pubescent, with trichomes stellate, more dense on the abaxial surface. Inflorescence cymose, 2-flowers, axillary or oppositifolious; 2 profiles per flower, c. 1.3 cm long, linear, tomentose; pedicels 0.4-0.6 cm long, nectaries absent; calyx 1.8-2.5 cm long, tubulous, erect, red, lobes with apex acute-acuminate, externally pubescent, with trichomes stellate, internally with trichomes only at the apex; petals 4-5×c. 5 mm, included, reduced to flabeliforms claw, alb, glabrous; androgynophore 3-4 cm long, erect, with trichomes stellate; staminodes 2×2.5 mm, elliptic; stamens 1-1.5 mm long; ovary c. 1.5×1 mm, ovoid, tomentose, 5 locules, c. 12 ovules per locule; styles 2.5-3 mm long, stigmas acute. Capsule 1.5-2.5×0.8-1 cm, cylindric, slightly ovoid, spirallate until a half, indehiscent, with trichomes stellate; seeds c. 2.5×2 mm, ellipsoid, dark brown, glabrous.

Specimens examined: BRAZIL, BAHIA: Jeremoabo, APA Serra Branca, estrada sentido Serra do Navio, 09º51ʹ58.1ʺS 38º38ʹ46.9ʺW 482m, 03.XI.2011, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 11 (HUNEB); estrada sentido Serra do Navio, depois do dedo de Deus, 09º52ʹ43.4ʺS 38º39ʹ14.5ʺW 463m, 11.II.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 187 (HUNEB); 24.XI.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 578 (HUNEB); estrada principal sentido Serra do Navio, 09º52ʹ59ʺS 38º39ʹ45ʺW 453m, 06.VI.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 415 (HUNEB); Trilha do morrote, 09º52ʹ16.7ʺS 38º38ʹ43.9ʺW 474m, 30.VII.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 456 (HUNEB); Trilha do araçá, 9,5 km de distância da base da APA, 09º52ʹ49.1ʺS 38º38ʹ13.5ʺW 535m, 08.V.2008, fl.; fr., M.V. Romão et al. 129 (HUNEB); Estrada sentido serra branca, 09º52ʹ51.9ʺS 38º39ʹ28.9ʺW 487m, 10.XII.2008, fl.; fr., M.V. Romão et al. 424 (HUNEB); Canudos, Parque estadual de Canudos, marco da degola, 09º54ʹ54.6ʺS 39º07ʹ05.7ʺW 379m, 10.V.2008, fl.; fr., M.V. Romão et al. 179 (HUNEB).

Restricted to the states of Alagoas, Bahia, Maranhão, Paraíba, Pernambuco and Sergipe, Helicteres eichleri is an endemic specie to Brazil and occurs in the Caatinga and Atlantic Forest (Cristóbal 2001CRISTÓBAL, C.L. 2001. Taxonomia del genero Helicteres (Sterculiaceae), revisión de las especies americanas. Bonplandia 11(1-4):1-206., Esteves 2015eESTEVES, G.L. 2015e. Helicteres. In Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/floradobrasil/FB9066 (last access in 13/04/2018).
http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/f... ). In the RCE the species occurs only in areas of preserved Caatinga in the EPASB (Jeremoabo) and of State Park of Canudos (SPC).

It is distinguished from its congeners in the study area by having a straight calyx; included petals reduced to flabelliform claws; and a short androgynophore reaching up to 4 cm. It was found with flowers and fruits throughout the year.

4.2. Helicteres velutina K.Schum., Fl. Bras. (Martius) 12(3): 22. 1886. Iconography: Cristóbal (2001: 61)CRISTÓBAL, C.L. 2001. Taxonomia del genero Helicteres (Sterculiaceae), revisión de las especies americanas. Bonplandia 11(1-4):1-206., Cristóbal (2006: 109)CRISTÓBAL, C.L. 2006. Flora de Grão-Mogol, Minas Gerais: Sterculiaceae. Bol. Bot. Univ. São Paulo 24:107-113.. Figure 3T

Shrubs 1.8-2.2 m tall; branches cylindrical, velutinous, trichomes stellate; stipules 5-7 mm long, linear, trichomes equal to branches. Leaves alternate-spirallate; petiole 1-1.5 cm long, tomentose; leaf blades 3.5-9×2-6.5 cm, ovate to elliptic, green, discolorous, chartaceous, base subchordate, apex acute, margin serrate, both surfaces velutinous, with trichomes stellate, more dense on abaxial surface. Inflorescence cymose, 2-flowers, axillary and terminal; 2 profiles per flower, 1-1.2 cm long, linear; pedicels 0.5-0.7 cm long, 1-3 nectaries; calyx 1.2-2.5 cm long, tubulous-campanulate, geniculated at the the base, red with base beige, lobes with apex acuminate, externally pubescent, with trichomes stellate, internally with trichomes only at the apex; petals 2-3.5×0.8-1.2 cm, unguiculate, orange to red, glabrous, claw 12-17×1-2 mm, wings fringes; androgynophore 6-8 cm long, curved, glabrous; staminodes c. 2.5 mm, elliptic; stamens 2-3 mm long; ovary 1.5-2 mm, ovoid, tomentose, 5 locules, c. 16 ovules per locule; styles 2.5-4 mm long, stigmas acute. Capsule 1.5-3×1-1.5 cm, cylindrical, spiraled until a half, dehiscencia apical, with trichomes stellate; seeds 2.1-2.8×1.5-2 mm, tetragonal, beige with brown macules, glabrous.

Specimens examined: BRAZIL, BAHIA: Paulo Afonso, Estação Ecológica Raso da Catarina, trilha do tansecto, 09º39ʹ50.7ʺS 38º28ʹ01.4ʺW, 17.VIII.2010, fl.; fr., C.L.S.B. Correia et al. 175 (HUNEB); Trilha próximo a casa sede do ICMBio, 09º39ʹ84.2ʺS 38º28ʹ00.6ʺW 592m, 4.IV.2011, fl., C.L.S.B. Correia et al. 434 (HUNEB); Trilha sentido casa 02, 09º50ʹ11.4ʺS 38º29ʹ47.3ʺW 670m, 4.V.2011, fl., C.L.S.B. Correia et al. 442 (HUNEB); Trilha sentido pedra da janela, 09º40ʹ00.8ʺS 38º27ʹ59.5ʺW 575m, 25.VII.2011, fl.; fr., C.L.S.B. Correia et al. 502 (HUNEB); Trilha sentido mata da Pororoca, próximo a casa do Sr. Divá, 09º42ʹ23.9ʺS 38º29ʹ46.1ʺW 645m, 27.VII.2011, fl.; fr., C.L.S.B. Correia et al. 526 (HUNEB); Após a mata da Pororoca, 09º48ʹ46.3ʺS 38º29ʹ31ʺW 698m, 18.III.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 194 (HUNEB); Estrada em direção a base velha, 09º51ʹ38.7ʺS 38º29ʹ29.3ʺW 635m, 18.III.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 196 (HUNEB); Trilha sentido Pororoca, depois da casa do Sr. Divá, 09º45ʹ12.5ʺS 38º29ʹ29.2ʺW 655m, 15.IV.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 274 (HUNEB); 24.XI.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 570 (HUNEB); Base nova (3), 09º34ʹ51.5ʺS 38º29ʹ27.8ʺW 622m, 03.IX.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 536 (HUNEB); ESEC, mata da Pororoca, 09º48ʹ28.1ʺS 38º29ʹ30.9ʺW 699m, 19.V.2010, fl.; fr., M.V. Romão et al. 606 (HUNEB); 09º48ʹ39.6ʺS 38º29ʹ31ʺW 707m, 24.IX.2013, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 105 (HUNEB); 07.V.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 337 (HUNEB); 09.VI.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 422 (HUNEB); 21.VII.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 438 (HUNEB); Cícero Dantas, estrada do Sapé, 10º19ʹ27ʺS 38º35ʹ52.9ʺW 611m, 5.VIII.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 489 (HUNEB); Canudo, Estação Biológica de Canudos, depois do riacho em direção ao saco 1, 09º57ʹ05.7ʺS 39º00ʹ07.9ʺW 413m, 27.III.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 248 (HUNEB); Saindo do saco 1, em direção ao saco 2, depois do Jatobá, 09º57ʹ06.3ʺS 38º59ʹ58.4ʺW 403m, 14.V.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 382 (HUNEB); Jeremoabo, APA Serra Branca, estrada que vai da ESEC em direção ao povoado Quelés, 09º53ʹ01.8ʺS 38º32ʹ39.5ʺW 650m, 22.IX.2010, fl.; fr., D.D. Vieira et al. 82 (HUNEB); Estrada principal de Quelés, em direção a divisa APA-ESEC, 09º57ʹ53ʺS 38º26ʹ30ʺW 500m, 17.VI.2011, fl.; fr., D.D. Vieira et al. 177 (HUNEB); Caminho da ESEC em direção a Quelés, 09º57ʹ21.5ʺS 38º26ʹ22.5ʺW, 502m, 09.IX.2009, fl.; fr., M.V. Romão et al. 546 (HUNEB); 09º57ʹ28.9ʺS 38º26ʹ18.6ʺW 502m, 09XII.2009, fl.; fr., M.V. Romão et al. 563 (HUNEB); Estrada do tamburi, próximo a baixa dos Quelés, 09º57ʹ43ʺS 38º25ʹ33.3ʺW 514m, 09.VII.2012, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 23 (HUNEB); Depois de Olho D’água dos negros, 10º01ʹ00.7ʺS 38º22ʹ30ʺW 438m, 5.VI.2014, fl.; fr., J.B. Lima et al. 411 (HUNEB).

Endemic to Brazil, Helicteres velutina occurs in the Northeast (Bahia, Ceará, Pernambuco) and Southeast (Minas Gerais) regions, in the areas of Caatinga, Cerrado and Atlantic Forest (Cristóbal 2001CRISTÓBAL, C.L. 2001. Taxonomia del genero Helicteres (Sterculiaceae), revisión de las especies americanas. Bonplandia 11(1-4):1-206., Esteves 2015eESTEVES, G.L. 2015e. Helicteres. In Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/floradobrasil/FB9066 (last access in 13/04/2018).
http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/f... ). In the RCE, the species is widely distributed in areas of preserved Caatinga.

Helicteres velutina is recognized in the RCE by its velutinous branches, leaves and fruits; calyx geniculate at the base; and by a curved and long androgynophore attaining 8 cm in length. It possessed flowers and fruits throughout the year.

Acknowledgements

The authors thank to the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia (FAPESB, PET #0023/2007) and to the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq Proc. #552589/2011-0) for financial support. To Instituto Chico Mendes (ICMBio) for their support during field work. The first author thanks the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) for the scholarship. To Jefferson Guedes de Carvalho Sobrinho (UNIVASF) for the concession of bibliographies, the curators and technicians of the herbaria that were visited for their readiness during the consultation of the collections and Klei Sousa for the botanical illustrations.

References

Supplementary material

The following online material is available for this article:

Appendix 1 List of additional material examined.

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