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Inventory • Biota neotrop. 14 (3) • Sept 2014 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1676-0603007813   copy

Herpetofauna of the Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu (REGUA) and its surrounding areas, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Herpetofauna da Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu (REGUA) e das áreas do entorno, no estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstracts

Species inventories are useful tools to improve conservation strategies, especially in highly threatened biomes such as the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Here we present a species list of amphibians and reptiles for the Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu (REGUA), a forest reserve located in the central portion of Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. The list results from an extensive sampling effort that lasted ten years. A total of 73 amphibian (of which ten are endemic to the state) and 37 reptile species was recorded from the area. Five amphibian species are presently categorized by the IUCN as “data-deficient”, two as “near threatened” and one as “endangered”, whereas one reptile species is categorized as “vulnerable”. Our results showed that REGUA harbors about one-third of the herpetofauna species presently known to occur in state of Rio de Janeiro, adding more information to previously published lists of amphibians and reptiles from localities within the Serra dos =rgãos region, and highlighting the importance of this area for conservation of amphibians and reptiles of the Atlantic Forest.

amphibians; Atlantic Forest; conservation; hotspot; reptiles

Inventários de espécies constituem importantes subsídios para melhorar as estratégias de conservação, especialmente em biomas altamente ameaçados como a Mata Atlântica brasileira. Aqui, nós apresentamos uma lista de anfíbios e répteis para a Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu (REGUA), uma reserva florestal localizada na porção central do estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. A lista é baseada em um esforço de amostragem extensivo de dez anos de duração. Um total de 73 espécies de anfíbios (das quais dez são endêmicas ao estado) e 37 espécies de répteis foi registrado na área. Cinco das espécies de anfíbios estão atualmente categorizadas pela IUCN como “deficiente em dados”, duas como “quase ameaçadas” e uma como “em perigo”, enquanto uma espécie de réptil está categorizada como “vulnerável”. Nossos resultados mostram que a região da REGUA abriga cerca de um terço da herpetofauna atualmente conhecida para o estado do Rio de Janeiro, adicionando mais espécies em relação a listas de espécies anfíbios e répteis previamente publicadas para localidades na região da Serra dos =rgãos e enfatizando a importância desta área para a conservação dos anfíbios e répteis da Mata Atlântica.

anfíbios; Mata Atlântica; conservação; hotspot; répteis

Introduction

The Atlantic Forest is one of the world’s most threatened biodiversity “hotspots” (Mittermeier et al. 2011MITTERMEIER, R.A., TURNER, W.R., LARSEN, F.W., BROOKS, T.M. & GASCON, C. 2011. Global biodiversity conservation: the critical role of hotspots. In Biodiversity Hotspots (F.E. Zachos & J.C. Habel, eds.). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 3-22.) and despite being currently reduced to only about 12% of its original area, it still harbors great diversity and high rates of endemism for several animal groups (Ribeiro et al. 2009RIBEIRO, M.C., METZGER, J.P., MARTENSEN, A.C., PONZONI, F.J. & HIROTA, M.M. 2009. The Brazilian Atlantic Forest: How much is left, and how is the remaining forest distributed? Implications for conservation. Biol. Conserv. 142(6):1141-1153. 10.1016/j.biocon.2009.02.021.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.02... ). More than 500 amphibian and about 200 reptile species occur in this biome (Ribeiro et al. 2009RIBEIRO, M.C., METZGER, J.P., MARTENSEN, A.C., PONZONI, F.J. & HIROTA, M.M. 2009. The Brazilian Atlantic Forest: How much is left, and how is the remaining forest distributed? Implications for conservation. Biol. Conserv. 142(6):1141-1153. 10.1016/j.biocon.2009.02.021.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.02... , Haddad et al. 2013HADDAD, C.F.B., TOLEDO, L.F., PRADO, C.P.A., LOEBMANN, D., GASPARINI, J.L. & SAZIMA, I. 2013. Guia dos Anfíbios da Mata Atlântica: Diversidade e Biologia. Anolis Books, São Paulo, 543p.). For the state of Rio de Janeiro there are nearly 200 amphibian and over 130 reptile species currently reported (Vrcibradic et al. 2011bVRCIBRADIC, D., ROCHA, C.F.D., KIEFER, M.C., HATANO, F.H., FONTES, A.F., ALMEIDA-GOMES, M., SIQUEIRA, C.C., PONTES, J.A.L., BORGES-JÚNIOR, V.N.T., GIL, L.O., KLAION, T., RUBIÃO, E.C.N. & VAN SLUYS M.,. 2011b. Herpetofauna, Estação Ecológica Estadual do Paraíso, state of Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil. Check List 7(6):745-749.), with both new geographic distribution records (e.g. Vrcibradic et al. 2006aVRCIBRADIC, D., ALMEIDA-GOMES, M., BORGES-JÚNIOR, V.N.T., KIEFER, M.C., VAN SLUYS, M & ROCHA, C.F.D. 2006a. Reptilia, Scincidae, Mabuya frenata: Distribution Extension. Check List 2(2):57-58., bVRCIBRADIC, D., HATANO, F.H., ROCHA, C.F.D. & VAN SLUYS, M. 2006b. Geographic Distribution. Phyllodytes luteolus. Herpetol. Rev. 37(4):489., Goyannes-Araújo et al. 2009GOYANNES-ARAÚJO, P., ALMEIDA-GOMES, M., BORGES-JÚNIOR, V.N.T., ALBUQUERQUE, H.G., VRCIBRADIC, D. & ROCHA, C.F.D. 2009. Reptilia, Polychrotidae, Anolis fuscoauratus: Distribution extension. Check List 5(3):746-748., Silveira et al. 2009SILVEIRA, A.L., SALLES, R.O.L. & PONTES, R.C. 2009. Primeiro registro de Rhinella pombali e novos registros de R. crucifer e R. ornata no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae). Biotemas 22(4):231-235. 10.5007/2175-7925.2009v22n4p231.
https://doi.org/10.5007/2175-7925.2009v2... , Caram et al. 2011CARAM, J., LUNA-DIAS, C., GOMES, M.R. & CARVALHO-E-SILVA, S.P. 2011. Distribution extension of Scinax hiemalis (Haddad and Pombal, 1987) and new state record from Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae). Herpetol. Notes 4:153-154.) and descriptions/revalidations of taxa (particularly for amphibians; e.g. Canedo & Pombal 2007, Pombal et al. 2008POMBAL JR., J.P., SIQUEIRA, C.C., DORIGO, T.A., VRCIBRADIC, D., & ROCHA, C.F.D. 2008. A third species of the rare frog genus Holoaden (Terrarana, Strabomantidae) from a montane rainforest area of southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 1938:61-68., Pombal 2010POMBAL JR., J.P. 2010. A posição taxonômica das “variedades” de Brachycephalus ephippium (Spix, 1824) descritas por Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920 (Amphibia: Anura: Brachycephalidae). Bol. Mus. Nac., N.S., Zool. 526:1-12., Weber et al. 2011WEBER, L.N.,VERDADE, V.K., SALLES, R.O.L., FOUQUET, A. & CARVALHO-E-SILVA, S.P. 2011. A new species of Cycloramphus Tschudi (Anura: Cycloramphidae) from the Parque Nacional da Serra dos =rgãos, Southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 2737:19-33., Dias et al. 2013DIAS, P.H.S., AMARO, R.C., CARVALHO-E-SILVA, A.M.P.T. & RODRIGUES, M.T. 2013. Two new species of Proceratophrys Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920 (Anura; Odontophrynidae) from the Atlantic Forest, with taxonomic remarks on the genus. Zootaxa 3682(2):277-304. 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.2.5.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3682.2.... , Caramaschi & Cruz 2013CARAMASCHI, U. & CRUZ, C.A.G. 2013. A new species of the Hypsiboas polytaenius clade from southeastern Brazil (Anura: Hylidae). S. Am. J. Herpetol. 8(2):121-126. 10.2994/SAJH-D-13-00009.1.
https://doi.org/10.2994/SAJH-D-13-00009.... , Mângia et al. 2014MÂNGIA, S., SANTANA, D.J., CRUZ, C.A.G. & FEIO, R.N. 2014. Taxonomic review of Proceratophrys melanopogon (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926) with description of four new species (Amphibia, Anura, Odontophrynidae). Bol. Mus. Nac., N.S., Zool. 531:1-33.) having recently added more species to the amphibian and reptile lists previously compiled by Rocha et al. (2004)ROCHA, C.F.D., BERGALLO, H.G., POMBAL JR., J.P., GEISE, L., VAN SLUYS, M., FERNANDES, R., & CARAMASCHI, U. 2004. Fauna de anfíbios, répteis e mamíferos do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, sudeste do Brasil. Publ. Avul. Mus. Nac. 104:3-23..

Collections of field data and species inventories are urgent to guide species conservation in Brazil (Verdade et al. 2012VERDADE, V.K., VALDUJO, P.H., CARNAVAL, A.C., SCHIESARI, L., TOLEDO, L.F., MOTT, T., ANDRADE, G.V., ETEROVICK, P.C., MENIN, M., PIMENTA, B.V.S., NOGUEIRA, C., LISBOA, C.S., DE PAULA C.D. & SILVANO, D.L. 2012. A leap further: the Brazilian amphibian conservation action plan. Alytes 29(1-4):28-43.). Despite the increasing number of amphibian and/or reptile species lists for various localities in the state of Rio de Janeiro in the last ten years (e.g. Rocha & Van Sluys 2006ROCHA, C.F.D. & VAN SLUYS, M. 2006. New records of reptiles from Ilha Grande Island in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Herpetol. Rev. 37(1):112-114., Almeida-Gomes et al. 2008ALMEIDA-GOMES, M., VRCIBRADIC, D., SIQUEIRA, C.C., KIEFER, M.C., KLAION, T., ALMEIDA-SANTOS, P., NASCIMENTO, D., ARIANI, C.V., BORGES-JÚNIOR, V.N.T., FREITAS-FILHO, R.F., VAN SLUYS, M & ROCHA, C.F.D. 2008. Herpetofauna of an Atlantic Rainforest area (Morro São João) in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc. 80(2):291-300. 10.1590/S0001-37652008000200007.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0001-3765200800... , 2010ALMEIDA-GOMES, M., ALMEIDA-SANTOS, M., GOYANNES-ARAÚJO, P., BORGES-JÚNIOR, V.N.T., VRCIBRADIC, D., SIQUEIRA, C.C., ARIANI, C.V., DIAS, A.S., SOUZA, V.V., PINTO, R.R., VANSLUYS, M & ROCHA, C.F.D. 2010. Anurofauna of an Atlantic Rainforest fragment and its surroundings in northern Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Braz. J. Biol. 70(3):871-877. 10.1590/S1519-69842010000400018.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-6984201000... , Carvalho-e-Silva et al. 2008CARVALHO-E-SILVA, A.M.T., SILVA, G.R. & CARVALHO-E-SILVA, S.P. 2008. Anuros da Reserva Rio das Pedras, Mangaratiba, RJ, Brasil. Biota Neotrop. 8(1):199-209. 10.1590/S1676-06032008000100021.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-0603200800... , Salles et al. 2009SALLES, R.O.L., WEBER, L.N. & SILVA-SOARES, T. 2009. Amphibia, Anura, Parque Natural Municipal da Taquara, Municipality of Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro State, Southeastern Brazil. Check List 5(4):840-854., 2010SALLES, R.O.L. & SILVA-SOARES, T. 2010. Répteis do Município de Duque de Caxias, Baixada Fluminense, RJ, Brasil. Biotemas 23(2):135-144. 10.5007/2175-7925.2010v23n2p135.
https://doi.org/10.5007/2175-7925.2010v2... , Salles & Silva-Soares 2010SALLES, R.O.L. & SILVA-SOARES, T. 2010. Répteis do Município de Duque de Caxias, Baixada Fluminense, RJ, Brasil. Biotemas 23(2):135-144. 10.5007/2175-7925.2010v23n2p135.
https://doi.org/10.5007/2175-7925.2010v2... , Siqueira et al. 2011aSIQUEIRA, C.C., VRCIBRADIC, D., ALMEIDA-GOMES, M., MENEZES, V.A., BORGES-JÚNIOR, V.N.T., HATANO, F.H., PONTES, J.A.L., GOYANNES-ARAÚJO, P., GUEDES, D.M., VAN SLUYS M, & ROCHA, C.F.D. 2011a. Species composition and density estimates of the anurofauna of a site within the northernmost large Atlantic Forest remnant (Parque Estadual do Desengano) in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Biota Neotrop. 11(4):131-137. 10.1590/S1676-06032011000400014.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-0603201100... , bSIQUEIRA, C.C., VRCIBRADIC D., DORIGO, T.A. & ROCHA, C.F.D. 2011b. Anurans from two high-elevation areas of Atlantic Forest in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Zoologia 28(4):457-464. 10.1590/S1984-46702011000400007.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-4670201100... , Vrcibradic et al. 2011bVRCIBRADIC, D., ROCHA, C.F.D., KIEFER, M.C., HATANO, F.H., FONTES, A.F., ALMEIDA-GOMES, M., SIQUEIRA, C.C., PONTES, J.A.L., BORGES-JÚNIOR, V.N.T., GIL, L.O., KLAION, T., RUBIÃO, E.C.N. & VAN SLUYS M.,. 2011b. Herpetofauna, Estação Ecológica Estadual do Paraíso, state of Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil. Check List 7(6):745-749., Telles et al. 2012TELLES, F.B.S., MENEZES, V.A., MAIA-CARNEIRO, T., DORIGO, T.A., WINCK, G.R. & ROCHA, C.F.D. 2012. Anurans from the 'Restinga' of Parque Natural Municipal de Grumari. Check List 8(6):1267-1273., Bittencourt-Silva & Silva 2013BITTENCOURT-SILVA, G.B. & SILVA, H.R. 2013. Insular Anurans (Amphibia: Anura) of the coast of Rio de Janeiro, Southeast, Brazil. Check List 9(2):225-234., Rocha et al. 2013ROCHA, C.F.D., VRCIBRADIC, D., KIEFER, M.C., ALMEIDA-GOMES, M., BORGES-JÚNIOR, V.N.T., MENEZES, V.A., ARIANI, C.V., PONTES, J.A.L., GOYANNES-ARAÚJO, P., MARRA, R.V., GUEDES, D.M., SIQUEIRA, C.C. & VAN SLUYS, M. 2013. The leaf-litter frog community from Reserva Rio das Pedras, Mangaratiba, Rio de Janeiro State, Southeastern Brazil: species richness, composition and densities. North-West. J. Zool. 9(1):151-156.), there are some areas that still need more studies in order to provide a comprehensive characterization of their herpetofaunas.

The Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu (REGUA) is a private reserve, which has an area of nearly 7,600 ha. REGUA together with other conservation units such as Parque Estadual dos Três Picos (ca. 46,000 ha), Parque Nacional da Serra dos =rgãos (ca. 11,800 ha), and Estação Ecológica Estadual do Paraíso (ca. 5,000 ha) protects a large continuous area of wet Atlantic Forest (mostly represented by montane and low montane rainforest) covering much of the region of Serra dos =rgãos, which comprises one of the areas of highest biodiversity in the state (Rocha et al. 2003ROCHA, C.F.D., BERGALLO, H.G., ALVES, M.A.S. & VAN SLUYS S,. 2003. A Biodiversidade nos Grandes Remanescentes Florestais do Estado do Rio de Janeiro e nas Restingas da Mata Atlântica. RiMa, São Carlos, 160p.).

Information on the herpetofauna of REGUA currently consists of a first approach on the local forest floor leaf-litter amphibian community, derived from data obtained in a short-term inventory conducted in 2004 (Rocha et al. 2007ROCHA, C.F.D., VRCIBRADIC, D., KIEFER, M.C., ALMEIDA-GOMES, M., BORGES-JÚNIOR, V.N.T., CARNEIRO, P.C.F., MARRA, R.V., ALMEIDA-SANTOS, P., SIQUEIRA, C.C., GOYANNES-ARAÚJO, P., FERNANDES, C.G.A., RUBIÃO, E.C.N. & VAN SLUYS, M. 2007. A survey of the leaf-litter frog assembly from an Atlantic forest area (Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu) in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, with an estimate of frog densities. Trop. Zool. 20(1):99-108.), and a first approach on the local lizard fauna based on a study carried out between 2007 and 2010 (Almeida-Gomes & RochaALMEIDA-GOMES, M. & ROCHA, C.F.D. In press. Diversity and distribution of lizards in fragmented Atlantic Forest landscape in southeastern Brazil. J. Herpetol. in press). Besides, there are isolated occurrence records and ecological observations on some species of frogs (Weber et al. 2007WEBER, L.N., BILATE, M., PROCACI, L.S. & SILVA, S.P. 2007. Amphibia, Anura, Hylodidae, Hylodes charadranaetes: Distribution extension and notes on advertisement calls. Check List 3(4):336-337., 2009WEBER, L.N., SILVA-SOARES, T. & SALLES, R.O.L. 2009. Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae, Hypsiboas secedens: reassessment of type locality coordinates and distribution extension. Check List 5(2):218-221., Silva-Soares et al. 2008SILVA-SOARES, T., WEBER, L.N. & SALLES, R.O.L. 2008. Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae, Hylodes pipilans: Distribution extension. Check List 4(3):295-296., Klaion et al. 2011KLAION, T., ALMEIDA-GOMES, M., TAVARES, L.E.R., ROCHA, C.F.D. & VAN SLUYS, M. 2011. Diet and nematode infection in Proceratoprhys boiei (Anura: Cycloramphidae) from two Atlantic rainforest remnants in southeastern Brazil. An. Acad. Bras. Cienc. 83(4):1303-1312. 10.1590/S0001-37652011000400017.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0001-3765201100... , Maia-Carneiro et al. 2012aMAIA-CARNEIRO, T., DORIGO, T.A., ALMEIDA-GOMES, M., VAN SLUYS, M & ROCHA, C.F.D. 2012a. New altitudinal records of the endemic species Cycloramphus brasiliensis (Anura, Cycloramphidae) from the Atlantic Rainforest in the state of Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil. Braz. J. Biol. 72(1):225-226. 10.1590/S1519-69842012000100029.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-6984201200... , bMAIA-CARNEIRO, T., DORIGO, T.A., ALMEIDA-GOMES, M., VAN SLUYS, M & ROCHA, C.F.D. 2012b. Feeding habits, microhabitat use, and daily activity of Cycloramphus brasiliensis (Anura: Cycloramphidae) from the Atlantic Rainforest, Brazil. Zoologia 29(3):277-279. 10.1590/S1984-46702012000300007.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-4670201200... , 2013MAIA-CARNEIRO, T., KIEFER, M.C., VAN SLUYS, M & ROCHA, C.F.D. 2013. Feeding habits, microhabitat use, and daily activity period of Rhinella ornata (Anura, Bufonidae) from three Atlantic rainforest remnants in southeastern Brazil. North-West. J. Zool. 9(1):157-165., Salles et al. 2012SALLES, R.O.L., PONTES, R.C. & SILVA-SOARES, T. 2012. New records and geographic distribution of Aplastodiscus eugenioi (Anura: Hylidae) in southeastern Brazil. Herpetol. Notes 5:431-433., Siqueira et al. 2013SIQUEIRA, C.C., VRCIBRADIC D. & ROCHA, C.F.D. 2013. Altitudinal records of data-deficient and threatened frog species from the Atlantic Rainforest of the Serra dos =rgãos mountains, in southeastern Brazil. Braz. J. Biol. 73(1):229-230. 10.1590/S1519-69842013000100027.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-6984201300... ), lizards (Goyannes-Araújo et al. 2009GOYANNES-ARAÚJO, P., ALMEIDA-GOMES, M., BORGES-JÚNIOR, V.N.T., ALBUQUERQUE, H.G., VRCIBRADIC, D. & ROCHA, C.F.D. 2009. Reptilia, Polychrotidae, Anolis fuscoauratus: Distribution extension. Check List 5(3):746-748., Maia et al. 2011MAIA, T., ALMEIDA-GOMES, M., SIQUEIRA, C.C., VRCIBRADIC, D., KIEFER, M.C. & ROCHA, C.F.D. 2011. Diet of the leaf litter lizard Ecpleopus gaudichaudii (Gymnophtalmidae) in an Atlantic Rainforest area in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Zoologia 28(5):587-592. 10.1590/S1984-46702011000500006.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-4670201100... , Almeida-Gomes et al. 2012ALMEIDA-GOMES, M., VRCIBRADIC, D., MAIA-CARNEIRO, T. & ROCHA, C.F.D. 2012. Diet and endoparasites of the lizard Gymnodactylus darwinii (Gekkota, Phyllodactylidae) from an Atlantic Rainforest area in southeastern Brazil. Biotemas 25(1):203-206. 10.5007/2175-7925.2012v25n1p203.
https://doi.org/10.5007/2175-7925.2012v2... ), and snakes (Alves et al. 2005ALVES, M.A.S., ESBERARD, C.E.L., VECCHI, M.B., LAURINDO, T.F.S.& TOMAZ, V.C. 2005. Pseutes sulphureus (South American Puffin Snake). Herpetol. Rev. 36(4):459., Silveira et al. 2010SILVEIRA, A.L., VRCIBRADIC, D., ROCHA, C.F.D. & SIQUEIRA, C.C. 2010. Geographic Distribution. Echinanthera amoena. Herpetol. Rev. 41(1):109., Vrcibradic et al. 2011aVRCIBRADIC, D., ALMEIDA-GOMES, M., SIQUEIRA, C.C., BORGES-JÚNIOR, V.N.T. & ROCHA, C.F.D. 2011a. Oxyrhopus petola digitalis (False Coral Snake). Prey. Herpetol. Rev. 42(2):299-300.). Here, we present the list of amphibian and reptile species based on records obtained during nearly ten years of surveys at REGUA and its surroundings.

Material and Methods

1. Study area

The Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu (REGUA) (22° 24’S, 42° 44’W) is located at the slopes of the Serra dos =rgãos mountain range, in the municipality of Cachoeiras de Macacu, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Figure 1). In the continuous forest of REGUA, habitats range from secondary forests in early stages of ecological succession to areas of relatively little disturbed forest, in the higher and more inaccessible portions of the reserve (Rocha et al. 2007ROCHA, C.F.D., VRCIBRADIC, D., KIEFER, M.C., ALMEIDA-GOMES, M., BORGES-JÚNIOR, V.N.T., CARNEIRO, P.C.F., MARRA, R.V., ALMEIDA-SANTOS, P., SIQUEIRA, C.C., GOYANNES-ARAÚJO, P., FERNANDES, C.G.A., RUBIÃO, E.C.N. & VAN SLUYS, M. 2007. A survey of the leaf-litter frog assembly from an Atlantic forest area (Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu) in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, with an estimate of frog densities. Trop. Zool. 20(1):99-108.). In the surroundings of REGUA there are forest fragments of different sizes and degrees of regeneration and isolation, which are immersed in different types of matrix (mainly pastures) (Almeida-Gomes & Rocha 2014ALMEIDA-GOMES M. & ROCHA, C.F.D. 2014. Landscape connectivity may explain anuran species distribution in an Atlantic forest fragmented area. Landscape Ecol. 29(1):29-40. 10.1007/s10980-013-9898-5.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-013-9898-... ). The region has a mean annual precipitation of 2600 mm, with daily temperatures ranging from 14 to 37 °C (Bernardo et al. 2011BERNARDO, C.S.S., LLOYD, H., BAYLY, N. & GALETTI, M. 2011. Modelling post-release survival of reintroduced Red-billed Curassows Crax blumenbachii. Ibis 153(3):562-572. 10.1111/j.1474-919X.2011.01142.x.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.2011... ).

Figure 1
(A) Location of Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu (REGUA) in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (open circle) and (B) detail of the study area showing the continuous forest of REGUA, the sampled forest fragments and the sampled pasture areas (matrix).

2. Data collection

The amphibians and reptiles were sampled mainly within the continuous forest of REGUA, but also in 21 forest fragments (totaling nearly 1,300 ha of forested area), and in the surrounding pasture matrix (besides some anthropogenic habitats such as roads). Samplings were done during September 2004 and from July 2007 to February 2014 at altitudes ranging from ca. 30 m to 700 m. We used three different methods for herpetofaunal sampling: pitfall traps with drift fences (Corn 1994CORN, P.S. 1994. Straight-line drift fences and pitfall. In Measuring and monitoring biological diversity: standard methods for amphibians (R.W. Heyer, M.A. Donelly, R.A. McDiarmind, L.C. Heyek & M.S. Foster, eds.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC, 109-117.), time-constrained visual encounter surveys (VES; Crump & Scott 1994CRUMP, M.L. & SCOTT, N.J. 1994. Visual encounter surveys. In Measuring and monitoring biological diversity: standard methods for amphibians (R.W. Heyer, M.A. Donelly, R.A. McDiarmind, L.C. Heyek & M.S. Foster, eds.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC, 84-92.) and quadrats (16 m2 and 25 m2 plots; Jaeger & Inger 1994JAEGER, R. & INGER, R.F. 1994. Standard techniques for inventory and monitoring: Quadrat Sampling. In Measuring and monitoring biological diversity: standard methods for amphibians (R.W. Heyer, M.A. Donelly, R.A. McDiarmind, L.C. Heyek & M.S. Foster, eds.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC, 97-102.). The total sampling effort for each method was 6600 bucket-days (for pitfalls), 2631 hours (for VES) and 4750 m2 of forest floor surveyed (for quadrat method). Except for pasture areas (sampled only by VES), we used the three sampling methods in the continuous forest of REGUA and in forest fragments. Besides, we also recorded all specimens of amphibians and reptiles found during casual encounters (i.e. not using the above methodologies). Voucher specimens of all sampled species of the local herpetofauna were deposited at the Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro - MNRJ (Appendix 1), except for a few species of reptiles (the lizards Ameiva ameiva and Salvator merianae, the snakes Boa constrictor, Chironius laevicollis, Pseustes sulphureus and Spilotes pullatus, and the crocodylian Caiman latirostris); in all those cases the specimens found were too large for preservation and storage (considering the material we had available) or could not be collected (in the case of Ameiva ameiva). Also, one amphibian species (Vitreorana sp.) was recorded based on an observation of an individual that evaded capture. Identification of all specimens of amphibians and reptiles collected were confirmed by taxonomists from the Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro; the specimens that were not collected were identified in the field by the authors. For amphibian nomenclature used throughout the text we follow Frost (2013)FROST, D.R. 2013. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.6 (9 January 2013). Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (last accessed on 20 August 2013)
http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amp... , and regarding reptile nomenclature we follow Carrasco et al. (2012)CARRASCO, P.A., MATTONI, C.I., LEYNAUD, G.C. & SCROCCHI, G.J. 2012. Morphology, phylogeny and taxonomy of South American bothropoid pitvipers (Serpentes, Viperidae). Zool. Scr. 41(2):109-124. 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2011.00511.x.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2011... for viperid snakes, Harvey et al. (2012)HARVEY, M.B., UGUETO, G.N. & GUTBERLET, R.L. 2012. Review of teiid morphology with a revised taxonomy and phylogeny of the Teiidae (Lepidosauria: Squamata). Zootaxa, 3459:1-156. for teiid lizards, and Pyron et al. (2013)PYRON, R.A., BURBRINK, F.T. & J.J WIENS. 2013. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evol. Biol. 13(93):1-53. 10.1186/1471-2148-13-93.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-93... for the remaining groups.

Results and Discussion

We recorded 73 species of amphibians (71 anurans and two caecilians) (Table 1; Figures 2- 5) and 37 species of reptiles (10 lizards, 24 snakes, one amphisbaenian, one chelonian and one crocodylian) (Table 2; Figures 6- 8). The species richness we recorded in the area corresponds to ca. 40% and ca. 30% of the total species richness of, respectively, amphibians and reptiles known to occur in the state of Rio de Janeiro (see Vrcibradic et al. 2011bVRCIBRADIC, D., ROCHA, C.F.D., KIEFER, M.C., HATANO, F.H., FONTES, A.F., ALMEIDA-GOMES, M., SIQUEIRA, C.C., PONTES, J.A.L., BORGES-JÚNIOR, V.N.T., GIL, L.O., KLAION, T., RUBIÃO, E.C.N. & VAN SLUYS M.,. 2011b. Herpetofauna, Estação Ecológica Estadual do Paraíso, state of Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil. Check List 7(6):745-749.). Regarding the anurofauna in particular, the species richness reported here for REGUA is the highest yet reported for Atlantic Forest areas in which anuran surveys have been conducted, with only the Estação Biológica de Boracéia (in São Paulo state) presenting a comparable richness (see review in Salles et al. 2009SALLES, R.O.L., WEBER, L.N. & SILVA-SOARES, T. 2009. Amphibia, Anura, Parque Natural Municipal da Taquara, Municipality of Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro State, Southeastern Brazil. Check List 5(4):840-854.). This reflects the intensive and extensive sampling effort employed in our study and the diversity of habitats (including both forested and open areas) and altitudinal gradient (30 - 700m) surveyed, all of which likely maximized our potential to sample a representative portion of the region’s anuran diversity. The reptile richness reported here for REGUA is likely underestimated, but is still among the highest recorded for inventoried areas of Atlantic Forest (see review in Salles et al. 2010SALLES, R.O.L., WEBER, L.N. & SILVA-SOARES, T. 2010. Reptiles, Squamata, Parque Natural Municipal da Taquara, Municipality of Duque de Caxias, State of Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil. Check List 6(2):280-286.). Our study represents a further contribution to the knowledge of the herpetofauna of the Serra dos =rgãos region, adding more information to previously published lists of amphibians and reptiles from other localities within that region (Siqueira et al. 2009SIQUEIRA, C.C., VRCIBRADIC, D., ALMEIDA-GOMES, M., BORGES-JÚNIOR, V.N.T., ALMEIDA-SANTOS, P., ALMEIDA-SANTOS, M., ARIANI, C.V., GUEDES, D.M., GOYANNES-ARAÚJO, P., DORIGO, T.A., VAN SLUYS, M & ROCHA, C.F.D. 2009. Density and richness of leaf litter frogs (Amphibia: Anura) of an Atlantic Rainforest area in the Serra dos =rgãos, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Zoologia 26(1):97-102. 10.1590/S1984-46702009000100015.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-4670200900... , 2011bSIQUEIRA, C.C., VRCIBRADIC D., DORIGO, T.A. & ROCHA, C.F.D. 2011b. Anurans from two high-elevation areas of Atlantic Forest in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Zoologia 28(4):457-464. 10.1590/S1984-46702011000400007.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-4670201100... , Silva-Soares et al. 2010SILVA-SOARES, T., HEPP, F., COSTA, P.N., LUNA-DIAS, C., GOMES, M.R., CARVALHO-E-SILVA, A.M.P.T. & CARVALHO-E-SILVA, S.P. 2010. Anfibios Anuros da RPPN Campo Escoteiro Geraldo Hugo Nunes, Município de Guapimirim, Rio de Janeiro, sudeste do Brasil. Biota Neotrop. 10(2):225-233. 10.1590/S1676-06032010000200025.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-0603201000... , Vrcibradic et al. 2011bVRCIBRADIC, D., ROCHA, C.F.D., KIEFER, M.C., HATANO, F.H., FONTES, A.F., ALMEIDA-GOMES, M., SIQUEIRA, C.C., PONTES, J.A.L., BORGES-JÚNIOR, V.N.T., GIL, L.O., KLAION, T., RUBIÃO, E.C.N. & VAN SLUYS M.,. 2011b. Herpetofauna, Estação Ecológica Estadual do Paraíso, state of Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil. Check List 7(6):745-749.).

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Table 1
Amphibian species of the Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu (REGUA) and its surroundings, municipality of Cachoeiras de Macacu, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The habitats where they have been recorded are represented by: CF - continuous forest of REGUA; FF - forest fragments; and M - matrix habitats (composed of pastures, wetlands and anthropogenic areas). * Species endemic to state of Rio de Janeiro.

Figure 2
Some anurans recorded in the Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu, southeastern Brazil: a) Brachycephalus ephippium; b) Ischnocnema guentheri; c) Rhinella hoogmoedi; d) Rhinella ornata; e) Euparkerella brasiliensis; f) Haddadus binotatus; g) Cycloramphus brasiliensis; h) Zachaenus parvulus. Photos by M. Almeida-Gomes (a, b, c, h) and D. Vrcibradic (d, e, f, g).
Figure 3
Some anurans recorded in the Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu, southeastern Brazil: a) Gastrotheca albolineata; b) Bokermannohyla circumdata; c) Dendropsophus anceps; d) Dendropsophus seniculus; e) Hypsiboas faber; f) Phyllomedusa burmeisteri; g) Scinax v-signatus; h) Trachycephalus nigromaculatus. Photos by L. Fusinatto (a, f), M. Almeida-Gomes (b, c, d, g, h) and V. Borges-Júnior (e).
Figure 4
Some anurans recorded in the Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu, southeastern Brazil: a) Hylodes charadranaetes; b) Megaelosia goeldii; c) Adenomera marmorata; d) Leptodactylus mystacinus; e) Physalaemus signifer; f) Chiasmocleis carvalhoi; g) Myersiella microps; h) Proceratophrys boiei. Photos by D. Vrcibradic (a, b, e), L. Fusinatto (c), M. Almeida-Gomes (d, f, h) and V. Borges-Júnior (g).
Figure 5
Gymnophiona recorded in the Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu, southeastern Brazil: a) Siphonops hardyi; b) Chthonerpeton braestrupi. Photos by D. Vrcibradic.

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Table 2
Reptile species of the Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu (REGUA) and its surroundings, municipality of Cachoeiras de Macacu, state of Rio de Janeiro. The habitats where they have been recorded are represented by: CF - continuous forest of REGUA; FF - forest fragments; and M - matrix habitats (composed of pastures, wetlands and anthropogenic areas).

Figure 6
Some reptiles recorded in the Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu, southeastern Brazil: a) Anolis fuscoauratus; b) Ecpleopus gaudichaudii; c) Enyalius brasiliensis; d) Gymnodactylus darwinii; e) Mabuya macrorhyncha; f) Corallus hortulanus; g) Chironius fuscus; h) Echinanthera amoena. Photos by D. Vrcibradic (a, d, e, f, h), M. Almeida-Gomes (b), C.F. Rocha (c) and L. Fusinatto (g).
Figure 7
Some reptiles recorded in the Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu, southeastern Brazil: a) Helicops carinicaudus; b) Imantodes cenchoa; c) Oxyrhopus clathratus; d) Siphlophis compressus; e) Sibynomorphus neuwiedi; f) Xenodon neuwiedii; g) Bothrops jararaca; h) Bothrops jararacussu. Photos by M. Almeida-Gomes (a, e) and D. Vrcibradic (b, c, d, f, g, h).
Figure 8
(a) The chelonian Hydromedusa maximiliani and (b) the crocodylian Caiman latirostris recorded in the Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu, southeastern Brazil. Photos by M. Almeida-Gomes (a) and Adilei da Cunha (b).

Of the 73 amphibian species recorded, 25 (34%) were found only in continuous forest, whereas 17 (23%) were found in all three types of habitats (continuous forest, forest fragments and matrix) (Table 1). Of the 37 reptile species recorded, 13 (35%) were found only in continuous forest, whereas four (11%) were found only in matrix habitat (Table 2). Landscape heterogeneity (continuous forest, forest fragments and matrix habitats) allows for different forms of occupation by species of the herpetofauna (Almeida-Gomes et al. 2010ALMEIDA-GOMES, M., ALMEIDA-SANTOS, M., GOYANNES-ARAÚJO, P., BORGES-JÚNIOR, V.N.T., VRCIBRADIC, D., SIQUEIRA, C.C., ARIANI, C.V., DIAS, A.S., SOUZA, V.V., PINTO, R.R., VANSLUYS, M & ROCHA, C.F.D. 2010. Anurofauna of an Atlantic Rainforest fragment and its surroundings in northern Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Braz. J. Biol. 70(3):871-877. 10.1590/S1519-69842010000400018.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-6984201000... , Dixo & Metzger 2010DIXO, M. & METZGER, J.P. 2010. The matrix-tolerance hypothesis: an empirical test with frogs in the Atlantic Forest. Biodivers. Conserv. 19:3059-3071. 10.1007/s10531-010-9878-x.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-010-9878-... ; Almeida-Gomes & Rocha 2014ALMEIDA-GOMES M. & ROCHA, C.F.D. 2014. Landscape connectivity may explain anuran species distribution in an Atlantic forest fragmented area. Landscape Ecol. 29(1):29-40. 10.1007/s10980-013-9898-5.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-013-9898-... , Almeida-Gomes & Rocha in press), as observed in the present study at REGUA. The amphibian community was dominated by species of the family Hylidae (33 spp.), many of them found in disturbed landscapes, where they commonly use permanent or temporary ponds for reproduction (e.g. Almeida-Gomes et al. 2008ALMEIDA-GOMES, M., VRCIBRADIC, D., SIQUEIRA, C.C., KIEFER, M.C., KLAION, T., ALMEIDA-SANTOS, P., NASCIMENTO, D., ARIANI, C.V., BORGES-JÚNIOR, V.N.T., FREITAS-FILHO, R.F., VAN SLUYS, M & ROCHA, C.F.D. 2008. Herpetofauna of an Atlantic Rainforest area (Morro São João) in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc. 80(2):291-300. 10.1590/S0001-37652008000200007.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0001-3765200800... , 2010ALMEIDA-GOMES, M., ALMEIDA-SANTOS, M., GOYANNES-ARAÚJO, P., BORGES-JÚNIOR, V.N.T., VRCIBRADIC, D., SIQUEIRA, C.C., ARIANI, C.V., DIAS, A.S., SOUZA, V.V., PINTO, R.R., VANSLUYS, M & ROCHA, C.F.D. 2010. Anurofauna of an Atlantic Rainforest fragment and its surroundings in northern Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Braz. J. Biol. 70(3):871-877. 10.1590/S1519-69842010000400018.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-6984201000... ). Among reptiles, some species such as the crocodylian Caiman latirostris (broad-snouted caiman) were found only in the matrix habitat (specifically in wetlands and ponds). Thus, not only the forested habitats but also the matrix habitats are responsible for maintaining the great local diversity of amphibians and reptiles observed at REGUA.

We recorded two exotic species among the herpetofauna of REGUA: the African gekkonid lizard Hemidactylus mabouia (tropical house gecko) and the North American ranid frog Lithobates catesbeianus (American bullfrog). It is noteworthy that we recorded the presence of H. mabouia in natural areas inside some forest fragments sharing the habitat with native lizards. This indicates that H. mabouia has become an invasive species in remnants of Atlantic Forest in the area, as reported for other localities in Brazil (Anjos & Rocha 2008ANJOS, L.A. & ROCHA, C.F.D. 2008. The Hemidactylus mabouia Moreau de Jonnes, 1818 (Gekkonidae) lizard: an invasive alien species broadly distributed in Brazil. Nat. Conservação 6(1):196-207., Rocha et al. 2011ROCHA, C.F.D., ANJOS, L.A. & BERGALLO, H.G. 2011. Conquering Brazil: the invasion by the exotic gekkonid lizard Hemidactylus mabouia (Squamata) in Brazilian natural environments. Zoologia 28(6):747-754. 10.1590/S1984-46702011000600007.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-4670201100... ). However, this species has not been recorded so far within the continuous forest of REGUA, only in fragments and in the matrix habitat. This suggests that H. mabouia may have a limited ability to colonize the more preserved forest habitats in the area, especially far from forest edges. On the other hand, we found the bullfrog L. catesbeianus only in matrix habitats, with no records of the species occurring in natural habitats within the reserve. This suggests that L. catesbeianus may not have become an invasive species in the area and is possibly confined to perianthropic environments. The status of introduced American bullfrog populations in Brazil and their actual impact on natural ecosystems are currently not well known, despite this species having been reported in the wild from numerous localities in Brazil (Giovanelli et al. 2008GIOVANELLI, J.G.R., HADDAD, C.F.B & ALEXANDRINO, J. 2008. Predicting the potential distribution of the alien invasive American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) in Brazil. Biol. Invasions 10(5):585-590. 10.1007/s10530-007-9154-5.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-007-9154-... , Both et al. 2011BOTH, C., LINGNAU, R., SANTOS-JR, A.P., LIMA, L.P., MADALOZZO, B. & GRANT, T. 2011. Widespread occurrence of the American bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus (Shaw, 1802) (Anura: Ranidae), in Brazil. S. Am. J. Herpetol. 6(2):127-134. 10.2994/057.006.0203.
https://doi.org/10.2994/057.006.0203... ).

Regarding amphibians, nine species (Euparkerella brasiliensis, Cycloramphus brasiliensis, Proceratophrys appendiculata, Hypsiboas secedens, Scinax albicans, Scinax humilis, Scinax v-signatus, Hylodes charadranaetes, and Hylodes pipilans) are currently considered as endemic to state of Rio de Janeiro (Weber et al. 2009WEBER, L.N., SILVA-SOARES, T. & SALLES, R.O.L. 2009. Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae, Hypsiboas secedens: reassessment of type locality coordinates and distribution extension. Check List 5(2):218-221., Dias et al. 2013DIAS, P.H.S., AMARO, R.C., CARVALHO-E-SILVA, A.M.P.T. & RODRIGUES, M.T. 2013. Two new species of Proceratophrys Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920 (Anura; Odontophrynidae) from the Atlantic Forest, with taxonomic remarks on the genus. Zootaxa 3682(2):277-304. 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.2.5.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3682.2.... , Haddad et al. 2013HADDAD, C.F.B., TOLEDO, L.F., PRADO, C.P.A., LOEBMANN, D., GASPARINI, J.L. & SAZIMA, I. 2013. Guia dos Anfíbios da Mata Atlântica: Diversidade e Biologia. Anolis Books, São Paulo, 543p., Silva & Alves-Silva 2013SILVA, H.R. & ALVES-SILVA, R. 2013. Predictive-like distribution mapping using Google Earth: Reassessment of the distribution of the bromeligenous frog, Scinax v-signatus (Anura: Hylidae). Zootaxa 3609:213-222. 10.11646/zootaxa.3609.2.7.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3609.2.... ), representing 12% of the species herein recorded. Five amphibian species (H. secedens, Crossodactylus aeneus, H. charadranaetes, H. pipilans and Chthonerpeton braestrupi) are presently categorized by the IUCN (2013)IUCN, 2013.IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. <www.iucnredlist.org>. (last accessed on 12 August 2013).
www.iucnredlist.org... as “data-deficient”, two (C. brasiliensis and Aplastodiscus eugenioi) as “near threatened”, and one (Chiasmocleis carvalhoi) as “endangered”. Among the reptile species recorded, one (the turtle Hydromedusa maximiliani) is presently categorized by the IUCN (2013)IUCN, 2013.IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. <www.iucnredlist.org>. (last accessed on 12 August 2013).
www.iucnredlist.org... as “vulnerable”. The presence of endemic species and species listed in threatened categories points to the potential of REGUA for species conservation. Moreover, three of the “data-deficient” species (Crossodactylus aeneus, H. charadranaetes, and H. pipilans) and the two near-threatened ones (C. brasiliensis and A. eugenioi) have their life cycle restricted to streams inside forests, a life history characteristic that has been linked to amphibian declines in pristine areas (Stuart et al. 2004STUART, S.N., CHANSON, J.S., COX, N.A., YOUNG, B.E., RODRIGUES, A.S.L., FISCHMAN, D.L. & WALLER, R.W. 2004. Status and trends of amphibian declines and extinctions worldwide. Science 306:1783-1785. 10.1126/science.1103538.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1103538... , Whiles et al. 2006WHILES, M.R., LIPS, K.R., PRINGLE, C.M., KILHAM S.S., BIXBY, R.J., BRENES, R., CONNELLY, S., COLON-GAUD, J.C., HUNT-BROWN, M., HURYN, A.D., MONTGOMERY, C. & PETERSON, S. 2006. The effects of amphibian population declines on the structure and function of Neotropical stream ecosystems. Front. Ecol. Environ. 4(1):27-37. 10.1890/1540-9295(2006)004[0027:TEOAPD]2.0.CO;2.
https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2006)0... ), which points to the urgency of monitoring studies of these populations. A further interesting fact is that sites with “data-deficient” species may indicate high potential for discovery of new species (Trindade-Filho et al. 2012TRINDADE-FILHO, J., CARVALHO, R.A., BRITO, D. & LOYOLA, R.D. 2012. How does the inclusion of Data Deficient species change conservation priorities for amphibians in the Atlantic Forest? Biodivers. Conserv. 21(10):2709-2718. 10.1007/s10531-012-0326-y.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-012-0326-... ) suggesting that, besides the species recently described from the general area (e.g. Hylodes pipilans; Canedo & Pombal 2007), there may be more unknown species to be found or described at REGUA and its surroundings (e.g. Gehara et al. 2013GEHARA, M., CANEDO, C., HADDAD, C.F.B. & VENCES M. 2013. From widespread to microendemic: molecular and acoustic analyses show that Ischnocnema guentheri (Amphibia: Brachycephalidae) is endemic to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Conserv. Genet. 14. doi: 10.1007/s10592-013-0488-5, 10.1007/s10592-013-0488-5
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-013-0488-... ). Furthermore, some species currently recognized as data deficient might have their extinction threat underestimated (Almeida-Gomes et al. 2014ALMEIDA-GOMES, M., LORINI, M.L., ROCHA C.F.D. & VIEIRA, M.V. 2014. Underestimation of extinction threat to stream-dwelling amphibians due to lack of consideration of narrow area of occupancy. Conserv. Biol. 28(2):616-619. 10.1111/cobi.12196.
https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12196... ), which makes it urgent to conduct further studies to assess their real population status.

Some of the amphibians recorded at REGUA present taxonomic problems. One caecilian collected in a large forest fragment while moving on the ground during a rainy night was identified as Chthonerpeton braestrupi by Dr Mark Wilkinson (Natural History Museum, London, UK). This species is currently known only from the original description by Taylor (1968)TAYLOR, E.H. 1968. The Caecilians of the World. A Taxonomic Review. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence. 848p., who gives an imprecise type locality (“Brazil”). Also, the sole type specimen is apparently lost (see Frost 2013FROST, D.R. 2013. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.6 (9 January 2013). Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (last accessed on 20 August 2013)
http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amp... ). More sampling effort and study of Chthonerpeton specimens in zoological collections are needed to determine to which population(s) the name Chthonerpeton braestrupi can be applied. Among the frogs, Scinax aff. x-signatus apparently represents an undescribed species (M.C.S. Cardoso, pers. comm.). One glass frog (Vitreorana sp.) was seen on a bromeliad at night, but evaded capture and therefore could not be identified to species (no other glass frogs were seen during the study). The taxonomic status of populations currently attributed to Adenomera bokermanni is problematic, as the type series of that taxon is composed of more than one species (J.P. Pombal Jr, pers. comm.). Also, what we are treating here under the name Scinax v-signatus may represent more than one taxon. Finally, taxa such as Ischnocnema guentheri (Gehara et al. 2013GEHARA, M., CANEDO, C., HADDAD, C.F.B. & VENCES M. 2013. From widespread to microendemic: molecular and acoustic analyses show that Ischnocnema guentheri (Amphibia: Brachycephalidae) is endemic to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Conserv. Genet. 14. doi: 10.1007/s10592-013-0488-5, 10.1007/s10592-013-0488-5
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-013-0488-... ), Euparkerella brasiliensis (Fusinatto et al. 2013FUSINATTO, L.A., ALEXANDRINO, J., HADDAD, C.F.B., BRUNES, T.O., ROCHA, C.F.D., SEQUEIRA, F. 2013. Cryptic genetic diversity is paramount in small-bodied amphibians of the genus Euparkerella (Anura: Craugastoridae) endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. PLoS One 8(11): e79504. 10.1371/journal.pone.0079504.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.007... ), Adenomera marmorata (C.S. Cassini, pers. comm.), and Dendrophryniscus brevipollicatus (C.A.G. Cruz, pers. comm.) represent species complexes, and the taxonomic status and/or the number of taxa recognized under those names that occur at REGUA are not known at present.

Based on our extensive sampling effort, using different collecting methodologies during a long-term study, we believe that REGUA currently constitutes one of the most well studied areas in the state of Rio de Janeiro, regarding its herpetofauna. We believe that our species list is quite comprehensive (especially for amphibians) and represents a good approximation of the composition of the local herpetofauna, and that REGUA can be considered as a reservoir of a considerable portion of the state’s amphibian and reptile biodiversity.

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by research grants from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) (processes 304791/2010-5 and 472287/2012-5) and from Fundação de Amparo è Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) through “Cientistas do Nosso Estado” Program (process E-26/102.765/2012) to C. F. D. Rocha. This project also benefited from funding from the “Edital Espécies Ameaçadas” of Fundação Biodiversitas/CEPAN and RAN/ICMBio (Project No. 0158A/012006). M. Almeida-Gomes received PhD scholarship from Conservation International - Brazil and FAPERJ, and currently receives a Post-Doctoral scholarship from Programa Nacional de Pós Doutorado/Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - PNPD/CAPES. C.C. Siqueira received a PhD scholarship from CNPq, Post-Doctoral grants from CNPq, and currently receives a Post-Doctoral fellowship from PNPD-CAPES. V.N.T. Borges-Júnior received a PhD scholarship from CNPq, a “sandwich” PhD grant from Programa de Doutorado Sanduíche no Exterior - PDSE/CAPES, and currently receives a Post-Doctoral fellowship from Programa de Apoio ao Pós-Doutorado - PAPD/FAPERJ. L. A. Fusinatto received a PhD scholarship from CNPq and a “sandwich” PhD grant from CAPES, and currently receives a Post-Doctoral fellowship from Fundação de Amparo è Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP). We are grateful to Nicholas J. Locke of the Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu (REGUA) for making many facilities available during our fieldwork in that area, and to all the various colleagues who helped us with data collection. We thank the Instituto Estadual do Ambiente (INEA) for permission to work in the area (licenses # 005/2008 and # 010/2008) and the Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio) for collection permits 11701-2, 13088-1, and 18684-2. We also thank the researchers of the Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ) for helping us with the identification of the amphibian and reptile species.

Appendix 1

Voucher specimens of amphibians and reptiles from the Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu deposited at the Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ).

AMPHIBIANS: Gymnophiona: Siphonopidae: Siphonops hardyi (MNRJ 65728); Typhlonectidae: Chthonerpeton braestrupi (MNRJ 70119); Anura: Brachycephalidae: Brachycephalus didactylus (MNRJ 55473-74, 57736, 68818-21, 86330); Brachycephalus ephippium (MNRJ 38104, 56517-18); Ischnocnema guentheri (MNRJ 53764, 55471-72, 59158, 66774-87, 68704, 86746-49); Ischnocnema octavioi (MNRJ 38129-32, 56613, 62328, 86767-68); Ischnocnema parva (MNRJ 56603, 66769-73, 73201-02); Ischnocnema cf. venancioi (MNRJ 60163); Bufonidae: Dendrophryniscus brevipollicatus (MNRJ 58294-95, 60701-02); Rhinella hoogmoedi (MNRJ 79893); Rhinella icterica (MNRJ 54372-74, 86314-16); Rhinella ornata (MNRJ 61075-91, 86737-43); Craugastoridae: Euparkerella brasiliensis (MNRJ 37317-18, 38212-21, 49300, 56932-35, 56943-51, 57561-63, 57735, 57737-41, 57787-90, 68702-3, 86845-47); Haddadus binotatus (MNRJ 53620, 55476-78, 66160, 66767-68, 86729-36); Cycloramphidae: Cycloramphus brasiliensis (MNRJ 55468, 76433-38); Thoropa miliaris (MNRJ 55447, 86710); Zachaenus parvulus (MNRJ 55448, 56938-39); Hemiphractidae: Fritziana goeldii (MNRJ 51516, 53758, 67315); Gastrotheca albolineata (MNRJ 59537, 65495, 86336); Hylidae: Aplastodiscus eugenioi (MNRJ 45783, 58950, 60197-98); Bokermannohyla circumdata (MNRJ 57018-22, 57292, 59536); Dendropsophus anceps (MNRJ 86317, 86722-25); Dendropsophus berthalutzae (MNRJ 79895, 86812-16); Dendropsophus bipunctatus (MNRJ 56936-37, 86804-07); Dendropsophus decipiens (MNRJ 67307); Dendropsophus elegans (MNRJ 49307, 86744-45); Dendropsophus giesleri (MNRJ 64156); Dendropsophus meridianus (MNRJ 63949, 86809-11); Dendropsophus microps (MNRJ 61050); Dendropsophus minutus (MNRJ 56940-41, 86801-03); Dendropsophus pseudomeridianus (MNRJ 86817-23); Dendropsophus seniculus (MNRJ 63947, 86726-28); Hypsiboas albomarginatus (MNRJ 86808); Hypsiboas albopunctatus (MNRJ 86896); Hypsiboas faber (MNRJ 86685-92); Hypsiboas pardalis (MNRJ 40610-11); Hypsiboas secedens (MNRJ 40609, 61475-77, 86331-34, 86337); Hypsiboas semilineatus (MNRJ 54013, 86339, 86750); Itapotihyla langsdorffii (MNRJ 86770-71); Phyllomedusa burmeisteri (MNRJ 47954, 68866, 86711-13); Phyllomedusa rohdei (MNRJ 64632; 86714-17); Scinax albicans (MNRJ 40080-82, 57243-44, 86751-66); Scinax alter (MNRJ 57084, 86782); Scinax argyreornatus (MNRJ 49514-25, 64634, 68692, 86783-90); Scinax cuspidatus (MNRJ 67397-98); Scinax flavoguttatus (MNRJ 53311); Scinax hayii (MNRJ 57600-02); Scinax humilis (MNRJ 40083-95, 49278-79, 58951, 61213, 63948); Scinax v-signatus (MNRJ 51800, 53902-03, 68691); Scinax aff. x-signatus (MNRJ 40809-11, 57783-86, 63950, 86318);Sphaenorhynchus planicola (MNRJ 87098-101); Trachycephalus mesophaeus (MNRJ 49301, 79894); Trachycephalus nigromaculatus (MNRJ 86709); Hylodidae: Crossodactylus aeneus (MNRJ 75172, 82563, 86838-41); Hylodes asper (MNRJ 60169-70, 60181, 86892); Hylodes charadranaetes (MNRJ 59064-65, 60167-68, 60174-77, 60180); Hylodes lateristrigatus (MNRJ 68986); Hylodes pipilans (MNRJ 59038-46, 59066, 60173, 68735); Megaelosia goeldii (MNRJ 86296); Leptodactylidae: Adenomera cf. bokermanni (MNRJ 86893); Adenomera marmorata (MNRJ 66561, 86327-29, 86772-81); Leptodactylus fuscus (MNRJ 86718); Leptodactylus latrans (MNRJ 51742-46, 61217); Leptodactylus mystacinus (MNRJ 86720-21); Leptodactylus spixi (MNRJ 57294, 86719); Physalaemus signifer (MNRJ 59897, 66441, 86791-800); Microhylidae: Chiasmocleis carvalhoi (MNRJ 38105-07, 49302, 53464, 68736, 68739-40, 74592, 86335); Myersiella microps (MNRJ 49311, 86837); Stereocyclops parkeri (MNRJ 54768, 57295, 60553, 86338); Odontophrynidae: Proceratophrys appendiculata (MNRJ 54012, 55470); Proceratophrys boiei (MNRJ 55469, 68764-83, 68810-11, 86769); Ranidae: Lithobates catesbeianus (MNRJ 86693-94). REPTILES: Squamata: Amphisbaenidae: Amphisbaena microcephala (MNRJ 16474); Anguidae: Ophiodes striatus (MNRJ 19410); Boidae: Corallus hortulanus (MNRJ 18550, 19231); Colubridae: Chironius bicarinatus (MNRJ 18066); Chironius foveatus (MNRJ 15375, 18479); Chironius fuscus (MNRJ 16909, 19743, 24134); Echinanthera amoena (MNRJ 18068); Echinanthera cephalostriata (MNRJ 12347, 19288); Helicops carinicaudus (MNRJ 18085); Imantodes cenchoa (MNRJ 19289, 23207); Liophis miliaris (MNRJ 18528, 24389); Liophis reginae (MNRJ 16364, 18462); Oxyrhopus clathratus (MNRJ 23509); Oxyrhopus petolarius (MNRJ 12349, 15370, 18211); Philodryas patagoniensis (MNRJ 12350-51, 16365); Sibynomorphus neuwiedi (MNRJ 12345-46, 18086); Siphlophis compressus (MNRJ 19389); Taeniophallus affinis (MNRJ 16899, 19165-66); Xenodon neuwiedii (MNRJ 16367, 18097, 19388); Dactyloidae: Anolis fuscoauratus (MNRJ 16548); Anolis punctatus (MNRJ 15373, 19133, 19245-46); Elapidae: Micrurus corallinus (MNRJ 24391); Gekkonidae: Hemidactylus mabouia (MNRJ 12353, 19243-44); Gymnophtalmidae: Ecpleopus gaudichaudi (MNRJ 12352, 24276-300); Leiosauridae: Enyalius brasiliensis (MNRJ 12354-58, 21569-82); Phyllodactylidae: Gymnodactylus darwini (MNRJ 20558-72); Scincidae: Mabuya macrorhyncha (MNRJ 19241-42); Viperidae: Bothrops jararaca (MNRJ 16366); Bothrops jararacussu (MNRJ 12348); Testudines: Chelidae: Hydromedusa maximiliani (MNRJ 21127).

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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    Sept 2014

History

  • Received
    12 Jan 2014
  • Reviewed
    21 Apr 2014
  • Accepted
    01 Aug 2014
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