Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Insect galls of São Tomé das Letras (MG, Brazil)

Abstracts

Six localities of São Tomé das Letras (MG, Brazil) were investigated from September, 2011 to June, 2012. The local vegetation was examined in search of insect galls. A total of 152 morphotypes of insect galls were found on 94 plant species (74 genera and 37 families). Fabaceae, Melastomataceae, Myrtaceae, and Asteraceae were the plant families with the greatest richness of galls, with 20, 18, 17, and 12 gall morphotypes, respectively. The super host genera were Copaifera L. (Fabaceae), Myrcia DC. ex. Guill. (Myrtaceae), and Miconia Ruiz & Pav. (Melastomataceae), with 10, 10 and 09 gall morphotypes, respectively. The super host species was Copaifera cf.langsdorfii Desf. (Fabaceae), with 10 gall morphotypes. Galls were found on leaves, stems, buds, and aerial roots. Leaves were the most galled plant organ, followed by stems, and buds. The inducers belong to Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Thysanoptera, Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera, being Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) the most frequent and diversified gallers. The associated fauna included parasitoids (Hymenoptera), inquilines (Lepidoptera and Thysanoptera), successors (Formicidae, Hymenoptera), and predators (pseudoscorpion), obtained from 18, 02, 02, and 01 gall morphotype, respectively. Ten galling species are recorded for the first time in São Tomé das Letras (MG). The present study indicates São Tomé das Letras (MG) as an area of great richness of insect galls.

Atlantic forest; gall richness; host plants; insect-plant interaction


Seis localidades de São Tomé das Letras (MG, Brasil) foram investigadas de setembro, 2011 a junho, 2012. A vegetação local foi examinada à procura de galhas entomógenas. Um total de 152 morfotipos de galhas de insetos foi encontrado em 94 espécies vegetais (74 gêneros e 37 famílias). Fabaceae, Melastomataceae, Myrtaceae e Asteraceae foram as famílias botânicas com maior riqueza de galhas, com 20, 18, 17 e 12 morfotipos de galha cada, respectivamente. Os gêneros super-hospedeiros foram Copaifera L. (Fabaceae), Myrcia DC. ex. Guill. (Myrtaceae) e Miconia Ruiz & Pav. (Melastomataceae), com 10, 10 e 09 morfotipos de galhas. A espécie super-hospedeira foi Copaifera langsdorfii Desf. (Fabaceae) com 10 morfotipos de galhas. Galhas foram encontradas em folhas, caules, gemas e raízes aéreas. As folhas foram o órgão vegetal mais atacado, seguidas por caules e gemas. Os galhadores pertencem às ordens Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Thysanoptera, Coleoptera e Hymenoptera, sendo os insetos da família Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) os indutores mais frequentes e diversificados. A fauna associada incluiu parasitóides (Hymenoptera), inquilinos (Lepidoptera e Thysanoptera), sucessores (Formicidae, Hymenoptera) e predadores (pseudoscorpion), obtidos de 18, 02, 02 e 01 morfotipo de galha, respectivamente. Dez espécies galhadoras são registradas pela primeira vez para São Tomé das Letras (MG). O presente estudo indica São Tomé das Letras (MG) como uma área de grande riqueza de galhas de insetos.

Mata Atlântica; riqueza de galhas; plantas hospedeiras; interação inseto-planta


Introduction

Insect galls are pathologically developed cells, tissues or organs of plants that have risen mostly by hypertrophy (over-growth) and hyperplasy (cell proliferation) under the influence of these parasitic organisms (Shorthouse & Rohfritsch 1992, Shorthouse et al. 2005). In this biological association, the galling species apparently derives all the benefit and the plant suffers loss of substance, deviations in the direction of growth, disturbances in sap flow, premature decays, and increase of non-essential parts at the cost of essential and other injury (Felt 1940FELT, E.P. 1940. Plant Galls and Gall Makers. Comstock Publishing Co., Ithaca, 364p., Stone & Schönrogge 2003STONE, G. N. & SCHÖNROGGE, K. 2003. The adaptive significance of insect gall morphology. Trends Ecology and Evolution 18: 512-522.).

Several insect gall inventories have been developed in State of Minas Gerais (Fernandes et al. 1988FERNANDES, G.W., TAMEIRÃO-NETO, E. & MARTINS, R.P. 1988. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas entomógenas na vegetação do campus Pampulha da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Rev. Bras. Zool. 5(1):11-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751988000100002
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751988...
, 1997FERNANDES, G.W., ARAÚJO, R.C., ARAÚJO, S.C., LOMBARDI, J.A., PAULA, A.S., LOYOLA JÚNIOR, R. & CORNELISSEN, T.G. 1997. Insect galls from savanna and rocky fields of the Jequitinhonha valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Naturalia 22:221-244., Urso-Guimarães et al. 2003URSO-GUIMARÃES, M.V., SCARELI-SANTOS, C. & BONIFÁCIO-SILVA, A.C. 2003. Occurrence and characterization of entomogen galls from natural vegetation areas in Delfinópolis, MG, Brazil. Braz. J. Biol. 63(4):705-715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842003000400018
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842003...
, Maia & Fernandes 2004MAIA, V.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2004. Insect galls from Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brazil). Braz. J. Biol. 64(3):1-22., Carneiro et al. 2009CARNEIRO, M.A.A., BORGES, R.A.X., ARAÚJO, A.P.A. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2009. Insetos indutores de galls da porção sul da Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 53(4):570-592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009000400007
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009...
, Coelho et al. 2009COELHO, M.S., ALMADA, E.D., FERNANDES, G.W., CARNEIRO, M.A.A., SANTOS, R.M., QUINTINO, A.V. & SANCHEZ-AZOFEIFA, A. 2009. Gall inducing arthropods from a seasonally dry tropical forest in Serra do Cipó, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 53(3):404-414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009000300015
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009...
, Malves & Frieiro-Costa 2012MALVES, K. & FRIEIRO-COSTA, F.A. 2012. List of plants with galls induced by insects from the UNILAVRAS/Boqueirão Biological Reserve, Ingaí, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Checklist 8(3):426-439., Maia 2012MAIA, V. C. 2012. In press. Insect galls of Itamonte (Minas Gerais, Brazil): characterization and occurrence. Biota Netrop.). These inventories focused mainly on cerrado physiognomies, being the Atlantic Forest areas of Minas Gerais still little investigated.

The Atlantic Forest comprises high species diversity and richness, as well as a high number of flora and fauna endemisms. In the past, it covered approximately 330 million acres, but the original area has been greatly reduced and fragmented, remaining about 7% only. It has been considered a world biosphere reserve and a high priority area for biological conservation (Myers et al. 2000MYERS, N., MITTERMEIER, R.A., MITTERMEIER, C.G., FONSECA, G.A.B. & KET, J. 2000. Biodiversity hot-spots for conservation priorities. Nature 403:853-858. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35002501
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35002501...
).

The main objective of this study is to contribute to the knowledge of the richness of insect galls from Atlantic Forest areas of Minas Gerais.

Material and Methods

Insect galls were collected seasonally (from September, 2011 to June, 2012) in six localities of São Tomé das Letras (MG): Ladeira do Amendoim (22° 42′ 24″ S and 44° 58′ 57″ W), Cachoeira da Lua (21° 42′ 11″ S and 44° 56′ 24″ W), Vale das Borboletas (22° 42′ 24″ S and 44° 58′ 57″ W), Gruta do Sobradinho (21° 39′ 24″ S and 44° 53′ 08″ W), Eubiose (21° 43′ 0″ S and 44° 59′ 0″ W), and Harmonia (21° 43′ 24″ S and 44° 57′ 33″ W).

The vegetation was examined in search of galling insects during two hours in each locality per collection. All plant organs were investigated, except for subterranean roots. Galled plants, preferably with flowers and fruits were pressed for identification and preservation. All gall morphotypes were photographed in field and characterized by shape, color, presence of trichomes, and plant organ.

Samples of each morphotype were collected and transported individually in labeled plastic bags. Larvae and pupa of immature insects were obtained in the laboratory from the dissection of each gall morphotype under a stereoscopic microscope. This procedure also allowed the determination of the number of internal chambers. The pupal exuviae and adults were obtained from rearing, by keeping samples of each kind of gall individually in covered plastic pots with damp cotton at the bottom. These pots were examined daily for adults' emergence. The galls were kept in these pots until their deterioration.

All insects were preserved in 70% alcohol. The gall midges (larvae, pupae, pupal exuviae and adults) were later mounted on microscope slides following the methodology of Gagné (1989). The Cecidomyiidae genera were identified based on the keys of Gagné (1994). The insects were incorporated in the entomological collection of Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ).

The plant species were identified by Dr. Gracialda Costa Ferreira (Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Brazil), and the dried specimens were incorporated into the herbarium of the Instituto de Ciências Agrárias (Pará, Brazil).

Results

A total of 152 gall morphotypes were found in São Tomé das Letras (MG). They occurred on 94 plant species distributed in 74 genera and 37 families (Table 1). The medium number of gall morphotypes per plant species was 1.62.

Table 1.
Distribution of insect gall morphotypes by plant families and species in São Tomé das Letras (MG, Brazil).

Fabaceae, Melastomataceae, Myrtaceae, and Asteraceae were the plant families with the greatest richness of galls, with 20, 18, 17, and 12 morphotypes each, respectively. The super host genera were Copaifera L. (Fabaceae), Myrcia DC. ex. Guill. (Myrtaceae), and Miconia Ruiz & Pav. (Melastomataceae), with 10, 10, and 9 gall morphotypes. The super host species were Copaifera langsdorfii Desf. (Fabaceae), Myrcia sylvatica (G. Mey) DC. (Myrtaceae), and Calophyllum brasiliense Cambéss (Calophyllaceae), with 10, 7, and 6 gall morphotypes each, respectively. Galls were found on leaves (79 morphotypes, ca. 57%), stems (41 morphotypes, ca. 28%), buds (21 morphotypes, ca. 14%), and aerial roots (01 morphotype, ca. 0.7%). Leaves were the most galled plant organ, followed by stems, and buds. Flower, fruit and tendril galls were not found. Five morphotypes occurred on leaves and buds (ca.3%) and four morphotypes on buds and stems (ca. 2.6%).

The inducers are represented by six insect orders: Diptera (82 gall morphotypes, ca. 86%), Lepidoptera (05 gall morphotypes, ca. 5%), Hemiptera (04 gall morphotypes, ca. 4%), Thysanoptera (02 gall morphotypes, ca. 2%), Coleoptera (01 gall morphotype, ca. 1%), and Hymenoptera (01 gall morphotype, ca. 1%), being Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) the most frequent and diversified gallers (81 gall morphotypes, ca. 85%).

Concerning gall morphology, the following shapes were found: bulbous, burn-shaped, bursiform, catterpillar-like, circular, conical, cylindrical, discoid, elliptical, fusiform, globoid, horn-shaped, imbricated, leaf roll, linear, marginal leaf roll, ovoid, rosette, rugose, spot-like, and vermiform. Globoid and fusiform galls predominate with ca. 34% and ca. 27%, respectively, followed by circular ones (9%), marginal leaf roll (ca. 4%), bulbous, ovoid, conical and leaf roll (ca.3% each), and cylindrical (ca 2.5%). The other shapes were represented by less than 2% each. The majority of the galls were glabrous (86.18%) and one-chambered (90.8%).

The associated fauna included parasitoids (Hymenoptera), inquilines (Lepidoptera and Thysanoptera), successors (Formicidae, Hymenoptera), and predators (pseudoscorpion), obtained from 18, 02, 02, and 01 gall morphotype, respectively. Ten galling species are recorded for the first time in São Tomé das Letras (MG): Asphondylia serrata Maia, 2004; Contarinia gemmae Maia, 2003; Dactylodiplosis heptaphylli Maia, 2004; Lopesia caulinaris Maia, 2003; Lopesia conspicua Maia, 2003; Lopesia elliptica Maia, 2003; Lopesia linearis Maia, 2003; Lopesia similis Maia, 2004; Myrciaryiamia admirabilis Maia, 2007; and Tomoplagia rudolphi (Lutz & Lima, 1918). All gall records are new as this is the first gall inventory of São Tomé das Letras (MG).

Data on insect galls are presented under host plant family, genus and species in alphabetical order. They include morphological characterization (plant organ, shape, color, presence/absence of trichomes, number of internal chamber), galler, locality and date of collection, associated fauna, and previous records in Brazil. The values in parenthesis indicate the number of gall morphotypes.

Anacardiaceae (n=1)

Tapirira sp. (n=1)

Leaf gall, circular, yellow, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 1). Galler: Hemiptera. Locality: Cachoeira da Lua. Date: September/2011. Previous records: Maia et al. (2008)MAIA, V.C., MAGENTA, M.A.C. & MARTINS, S.E. 2008. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas de insetos em áreas de restinga de Bertioga (São Paulo, Brasil). Biota Neotrop. 8(1):168-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008000100020
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008...
described other gall on Tapirira guianensis Aubl. from Bertioga (SP).

Figures 1-14
Insect galls from São Tomé das Letras: 1. Leaf gall on Tapirira sp.; 2. Leaf gall on Duguetia furfuracea; 3. Bud gall on Pseudoxandra sp.; 4. Leaf gall on Baccharis sp.; 5. Leaf or bud gall on Baccharis cfr.; 6. Bud gall on Dimerostemma brasilianum; 7-10. Galls on Eremanthus polycephalus: 7. Leaf gall, 8. Stem swelling, 9. Stem swelling, 10. Bud gall; 11. Stem gall on Vernonia sp.; 12. Leaf gall on Asteraceae not determined; 13. Stem swelling on Macfadyena sp.; 14. Stem swelling on Stigophyllum riparium.

Annonaceae (n=2)

Duguetia furfuracea (A. St.-Hil) Saff. (n=1)

Leaf gall, globoid, yellow, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 2). Galler: not determined. Other dwellers: parasitoids (Hymenoptera). Localities: Ladeira do Amendoim, Cachoeira da Lua. Date: December/2011, March/2012.

Previous records: Vale do Jequitinhonha, MG (Fernandes et al. 1997FERNANDES, G.W., ARAÚJO, R.C., ARAÚJO, S.C., LOMBARDI, J.A., PAULA, A.S., LOYOLA JÚNIOR, R. & CORNELISSEN, T.G. 1997. Insect galls from savanna and rocky fields of the Jequitinhonha valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Naturalia 22:221-244.), Delfinópolis, MG (Urso-Guimarães et al. 2003URSO-GUIMARÃES, M.V., SCARELI-SANTOS, C. & BONIFÁCIO-SILVA, A.C. 2003. Occurrence and characterization of entomogen galls from natural vegetation areas in Delfinópolis, MG, Brazil. Braz. J. Biol. 63(4):705-715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842003000400018
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842003...
), Santa Rita do Passa Quatro, SP (Urso-Guimarães & Scareli-Santos 2006URSO-GUIMARÃES, M.V. & SCARELI-SANTOS, C. 2006. Galls and gall makers in plants from the Pé-de-Gigante Cerrado Reserve, Santa Rita do Passa Quatro, SP, Brazil. Braz. J. Biol. 66(1B):357-369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842006000200018
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842006...
), and Ingaí, MG (Malves & Frieiro-Costa 2012MALVES, K. & FRIEIRO-COSTA, F.A. 2012. List of plants with galls induced by insects from the UNILAVRAS/Boqueirão Biological Reserve, Ingaí, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Checklist 8(3):426-439.). Saito & Urso-Guimarães (2012)SAITO, V.S. & URSO-GUIMARÃES, M.V. 2012. Characterization of galls, insect galls and associated fauna of Ecological Station of Jataí (Luiz Antônio, SP). Biota Neotrop 12(3):01-09. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032012000300011
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032012...
described other galls on this host plant from Luiz Antonio (SP).

Pseudoxandra sp. (n=1)

Bud gall, conical, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 3). Galler: not determined. Locality: Eubiose. Date: June/2012.

Asteraceae (n=12)

Baccharis sp. 1 (n=3)

Leaf gall, circular, yellow, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 4). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Locality: Cachoeira da Lua. Date: September/2011.

Leaf gall, cylindrical, green, glabrous, one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Locality: Cachoeira da Lua. Date: September/2011.

Stem swelling, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Locality: Cachoeira da Lua. Date: September/2011.

Baccharis cfr. (n=1)

Leaf or bud gall, conical or ovoid, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 5). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Locality: Vale das Borboletas. Date: June/2012.

Previous records: Maia & Fernandes (2004)MAIA, V.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2004. Insect galls from Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brazil). Braz. J. Biol. 64(3):1-22., Maia et al. (2008)MAIA, V.C., MAGENTA, M.A.C. & MARTINS, S.E. 2008. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas de insetos em áreas de restinga de Bertioga (São Paulo, Brasil). Biota Neotrop. 8(1):168-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008000100020
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008...
, Coelho et al. (2009)COELHO, M.S., ALMADA, E.D., FERNANDES, G.W., CARNEIRO, M.A.A., SANTOS, R.M., QUINTINO, A.V. & SANCHEZ-AZOFEIFA, A. 2009. Gall inducing arthropods from a seasonally dry tropical forest in Serra do Cipó, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 53(3):404-414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009000300015
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009...
, Carneiro et al. (2009)CARNEIRO, M.A.A., BORGES, R.A.X., ARAÚJO, A.P.A. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2009. Insetos indutores de galls da porção sul da Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 53(4):570-592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009000400007
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009...
, Maia & Souza (in press), Maia et al. (in press), and Maia (2012)MAIA, V. C. 2012. In press. Insect galls of Itamonte (Minas Gerais, Brazil): characterization and occurrence. Biota Netrop. described several galls on Baccharis spp. from Serra de São José (MG), Bertioga (SP), Serra do Cipó (MG), Cadeia do Espinhaço (MG), Ilha do Cabo Frio (Arraial do Cabo, RJ), Santa Teresa (ES), and Itamonte (MG), respectively.

Dimerostemma brasilianum Cass. (n=1)

Bud gall, fusiform, brown, glabrous, multi-chambered (Figure 6). Galler: not determined. Locality: Ladeira do Amendoim. Date: December/2011.

Eremanthus polycephalus (DC.) MacLeish. (n=4)

Leaf gall, globoid, yellow, micropubescent, one-chambered (Figure 7). Galler: Asphondylia serrata Maia, 2004 (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae). Localities: Ladeira do Amendoim, Vale das Borboletas, Harmonia, Eubiose, Gruta do Sobradinho. Date: September/2011, December/2011, March/2012, June/2012. Previous records: Vale do Jequitinhonha (Fernandes et al. 1997FERNANDES, G.W., ARAÚJO, R.C., ARAÚJO, S.C., LOMBARDI, J.A., PAULA, A.S., LOYOLA JÚNIOR, R. & CORNELISSEN, T.G. 1997. Insect galls from savanna and rocky fields of the Jequitinhonha valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Naturalia 22:221-244.), Serra de São José (Maia & Fernandes 2004MAIA, V.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2004. Insect galls from Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brazil). Braz. J. Biol. 64(3):1-22.), and Ingaí, MG (Malves & Frieiro-Costa 2012MALVES, K. & FRIEIRO-COSTA, F.A. 2012. List of plants with galls induced by insects from the UNILAVRAS/Boqueirão Biological Reserve, Ingaí, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Checklist 8(3):426-439.).

Stem swelling, fusiform, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 8). Galler: not determined. Locality: Gruta do Sobradinho. Date: March/2012, June/2012. Previous records: Vale do Jequitinhonha (Fernandes et al. 1997FERNANDES, G.W., ARAÚJO, R.C., ARAÚJO, S.C., LOMBARDI, J.A., PAULA, A.S., LOYOLA JÚNIOR, R. & CORNELISSEN, T.G. 1997. Insect galls from savanna and rocky fields of the Jequitinhonha valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Naturalia 22:221-244.), and Cadeia do Espinhaço, MG (Carneiro et al. 2009CARNEIRO, M.A.A., BORGES, R.A.X., ARAÚJO, A.P.A. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2009. Insetos indutores de galls da porção sul da Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 53(4):570-592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009000400007
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009...
).

Stem swelling, globoid, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 9). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Other dwellers: successors - ants (Formicidae, Hymenoptera). Localities: Ladeira do Amendoim, Cachoeira da Lua, Harmonia, Eubiose, Gruta do Sobradinho. Date: September/2011, December/2011, March/2012, June/2012. Previous records: Vale do Jequitinhonha, MG (Fernandes et al. 1997FERNANDES, G.W., ARAÚJO, R.C., ARAÚJO, S.C., LOMBARDI, J.A., PAULA, A.S., LOYOLA JÚNIOR, R. & CORNELISSEN, T.G. 1997. Insect galls from savanna and rocky fields of the Jequitinhonha valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Naturalia 22:221-244.), Cadeia do Espinhaço, MG (Carneiro et al. 2009CARNEIRO, M.A.A., BORGES, R.A.X., ARAÚJO, A.P.A. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2009. Insetos indutores de galls da porção sul da Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 53(4):570-592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009000400007
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009...
), and Ingaí, MG (Malves & Frieiro-Costa 2012MALVES, K. & FRIEIRO-COSTA, F.A. 2012. List of plants with galls induced by insects from the UNILAVRAS/Boqueirão Biological Reserve, Ingaí, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Checklist 8(3):426-439.).

Bud gall, globoid, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 10). Galler: not determined. Locality: Gruta do Sobradinho. Date: March/2012.

Vernonia sp. (n=2)

Stem gall, bulbous, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 11). Galler: Tomoplagia rudolpphi (Tephritidae, Diptera). Localities: Cachoeira da Lua, Ladeira do Amendoim. Date: September/2011, March/2012, June/2012.

Previous records: Fernandes et al. (1988)FERNANDES, G.W., TAMEIRÃO-NETO, E. & MARTINS, R.P. 1988. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas entomógenas na vegetação do campus Pampulha da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Rev. Bras. Zool. 5(1):11-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751988000100002
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751988...
, Urso-Guimarães et al. (2003)URSO-GUIMARÃES, M.V., SCARELI-SANTOS, C. & BONIFÁCIO-SILVA, A.C. 2003. Occurrence and characterization of entomogen galls from natural vegetation areas in Delfinópolis, MG, Brazil. Braz. J. Biol. 63(4):705-715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842003000400018
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842003...
, Maia & Fernandes (2004)MAIA, V.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2004. Insect galls from Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brazil). Braz. J. Biol. 64(3):1-22., and Maia (2012)MAIA, V. C. 2012. In press. Insect galls of Itamonte (Minas Gerais, Brazil): characterization and occurrence. Biota Netrop. recorded the same gall from Belo Horizonte, Delfinópolis, Serra de São José, and Itamonte (MG), respectively.

Leaf gall, globoid, green, glabrous, one-chambered. Galler: not determined. Locality: Cachoeira da Lua. Date: March/2012, June/2012.

Other galls on Vernonia spp. have been recorded by Fernandes et al. (1997)FERNANDES, G.W., ARAÚJO, R.C., ARAÚJO, S.C., LOMBARDI, J.A., PAULA, A.S., LOYOLA JÚNIOR, R. & CORNELISSEN, T.G. 1997. Insect galls from savanna and rocky fields of the Jequitinhonha valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Naturalia 22:221-244. from Vale do Jequitinhonha (MG), Maia (2001)MAIA, V.C. 2001. The gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) from three restingas of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Zool. 18(2):583-629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001000200028
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001...
from Carapebus (RJ), Fernandes & Negreiros (2006)FERNANDES, G.W. & NEGREIROS, D. 2006. A comunidade de insetos galhadores da RPPN Fazenda Bulcão, Aimorés, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Lundiana 7(2):111-120. from Aimorés (MG), Maia et al. (2008)MAIA, V.C., MAGENTA, M.A.C. & MARTINS, S.E. 2008. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas de insetos em áreas de restinga de Bertioga (São Paulo, Brasil). Biota Neotrop. 8(1):168-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008000100020
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008...
from Bertioga (SP), and Maia et al. (in press) from Santa Teresa (ES).

Asteraceae não determinada (n=1)

Leaf gall, globoid, yellowish, micropubescent, one-chambered (Figure 12). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Locality: Ladeira do Amendoim. Date: September/2011, March/2012.

Bignoniaceae (n=3)

Macfadyena sp. (n=1)

Stem swelling, globoid, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 13). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Locality: Vale das Borboletas. Date: March/2012.

Stigophyllum riparium (Kunth) Sandwith (n=1)

Stem swelling, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 14). Galler: not determined. Locality: Eubiose. Date: June/2012

Bignoniaceae não determinada (n=1)

Vein swelling, fusiform, brown, woody, one-chambered (Figure 15). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Other dwellers: parasitoids (Hymenoptera). Locality: Cachoeira da Lua. Date: September/2011.

Figures 15-25
Insect galls from São Tomé das Letras: 15. Vein swelling on Bignoniaceae not determined; 16-19. Galls on Protium heptaphyllum: 16. Circular leaf gall, 17. Marginal roll, 18. Cylindrical leaf gall, 19. Stem swelling; 20-25 Galls on Calophyllum brasiliense: 20. Linear leaf gall, 21. Elliptical leaf gall, 22. Stem gall, 23. Bud gall; 24. Globoid gall, 25. Marginal roll.

Burseraceae (n=4)

Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) March (n=4)

Leaf gall, circular, red, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 16). Galler: Hemiptera. Localities: Vale das Borboletas, Cachoeira da Lua, Gruta do Sobradinho. Date: September/2011, December/2011, March/2012, June/2012. Previous records: Vale do Rio Doce, MG (Fernandes et al. 2001FERNANDES, G.W., JULIÃO, G.R., ARAÚJO, R.C., ARAÚJO, S.C., LOMBARDI, J.A., NEGREIROS, J.A., NEGREIROS, D. & CARNEIRO, M.A.A. 2001. Distribution and morphology of insect galls of the Rio Doce Valley, Brazil. Naturalia 26:211-244.).

Marginal leaf roll, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 17). Galler: Lopesia similis Maia, 2004 (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae). Localities: Vale das Borboletas, Gruta do Sobradinho. Date: September/2011, December/2011, June/2012. Previous records: Carapebus, RJ (Maia 2001MAIA, V.C. 2001. The gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) from three restingas of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Zool. 18(2):583-629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001000200028
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001...
), Ilha do Cabo Frio (Arraial do Cabo, RJ (Maia & Souza, in press), and Itamonte, MG (Maia 2012MAIA, V. C. 2012. In press. Insect galls of Itamonte (Minas Gerais, Brazil): characterization and occurrence. Biota Netrop.)).

Leaf gall, cylindrical, green or yellowish, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 18). Galler: Dactylodiplosis heptaphylli Maia, 2004 (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae). Locality: Vale das Borboletas, Cachoeira da Lua, Gruta do Sobradinho. Date: September/2011, March/2012, June/2012.

Stem swelling, globoid, brown, glabrous, multi-chambered (Figure 19). Galler: not determined. Dweller: Hymenoptera. Localities: Gruta do Sobradinho, Cachoeira da Lua. Date: September/2011, March/2012.

Previous records: Maia (2001)MAIA, V.C. 2001. The gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) from three restingas of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Zool. 18(2):583-629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001000200028
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001...
, Santos et al. (2010)SANTOS, B.B., FERREIRA, H.D. & ARAÚJO, W.S. 2010. Ocorrência e caraterização de galhas entomógenas em uma área de floresta estacional semi-decídua em Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil. Acta bot. bras. 24(1):243-249., and Malves & Frieiro-Costa (2012)MALVES, K. & FRIEIRO-COSTA, F.A. 2012. List of plants with galls induced by insects from the UNILAVRAS/Boqueirão Biological Reserve, Ingaí, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Checklist 8(3):426-439. recorded the other galls on Protium heptaphyllum from Carapebus (RJ), Goiânia (GO) and Ingaí (MG).

Calophyllaceae (n=6)

Calophyllum brasiliense Cambéss. (n=6)

Leaf gall, linear, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 20). Galler: Lopesia linearis Maia, 2003 (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera). Localities: Gruta do Sobradinho, Vale das Borboletas. Date: September/2011, December/2011, March/2012. Previous records: Serra de São José (Maia & Fernandes 2004MAIA, V.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2004. Insect galls from Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brazil). Braz. J. Biol. 64(3):1-22.).

Leaf gall, elliptical, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 21). Galler: Lopesia elliptica Maia, 2003 (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera). Galler: Lopesia elliptica Maia, 2003 (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera). Locality: Vale das Borboletas. Date: September/2011, December/2011. Previous records: Serra de São José, MG (Maia & Fernandes 2004MAIA, V.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2004. Insect galls from Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brazil). Braz. J. Biol. 64(3):1-22.), and Bertioga, SP (Maia et al. 2008MAIA, V.C., MAGENTA, M.A.C. & MARTINS, S.E. 2008. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas de insetos em áreas de restinga de Bertioga (São Paulo, Brasil). Biota Neotrop. 8(1):168-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008000100020
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008...
).

Stem swelling, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 22). Galler: Lopesia caulinaris Maia, 2003 (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera). Localities: Gruta do Sobradinho, Vale das Borboletas. Date: September/2011, December/2011, March/2012, June/2012. Previous records: Serra de São José (Maia & Fernandes 2004MAIA, V.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2004. Insect galls from Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brazil). Braz. J. Biol. 64(3):1-22.), and Bertioga, SP (Maia et al. 2008MAIA, V.C., MAGENTA, M.A.C. & MARTINS, S.E. 2008. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas de insetos em áreas de restinga de Bertioga (São Paulo, Brasil). Biota Neotrop. 8(1):168-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008000100020
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008...
).

Bud gall, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one or multi-chambered (Figure 23). Galler: Contarinia gemmae Maia, 2003 (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera). Other dwellers: predators (Pseudoscorpion) and parasitoids (Hymenoptera). Localities: Gruta do Sobradinho, Vale das Borboletas. Date: September/2011, December/2011, March/2012. Previous records: Bertioga, SP (Maia et al. 2008MAIA, V.C., MAGENTA, M.A.C. & MARTINS, S.E. 2008. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas de insetos em áreas de restinga de Bertioga (São Paulo, Brasil). Biota Neotrop. 8(1):168-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008000100020
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008...
).

Leaf gall, globoid, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 24). Galler: Lopesia conspicua Maia, 2003 (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera). Localities: Vale das Borboletas, Gruta do Sobradinho. Date: September/2011, December/2011, June/2012.

Marginal leaf roll, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 25). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Localities: Gruta do Sobradinho, Vale das Borboletas. Date: December/2011, June/2012. Previous records: Serra de São José (Maia & Fernandes 2004MAIA, V.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2004. Insect galls from Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brazil). Braz. J. Biol. 64(3):1-22.).

Celastraceae (n=2)

Maytenus sp. (n=1)

Leaf gall, globoid, red, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 26). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Locality: Vale das Borboletas. Date: September/2001, December/2011, March/2012, June/2012.

Figures 26-37
Insect galls from São Tomé das Letras: 26. Leaf gall on Maytenus sp.; 27. Leaf gall on Hippocratea sp.; 28. Leaf gall on Kielmeyera sp.; 29-30. Galls on Davilla brasiliensis: 29. Leaf gall, 30. Bud gall; 31. Stem swelling on Diospyros sp.; 32-35. Galls on Erythroxylum cf. suberosum: 32. Leaf gall, 33. Apical bud gall, 34. Marginal leaf roll, 35. Leaf gall; 36-37. Leaf galls on Croton sp.

Previous records: Galls on Maytenus spp. have been recorded by Maia (2001)MAIA, V.C. 2001. The gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) from three restingas of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Zool. 18(2):583-629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001000200028
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001...
from Carapebus and Maricá (RJ), Oliveira & Maia (2005)OLIVEIRA, J.C. & MAIA, V.C. 2005. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas de insetos na restinga de Grumari (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil). Arq. Mus. Nac. 63(4):669-675. from Grumari (Rio de Janeiro, RJ), and Maia et al. (2008)MAIA, V.C., MAGENTA, M.A.C. & MARTINS, S.E. 2008. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas de insetos em áreas de restinga de Bertioga (São Paulo, Brasil). Biota Neotrop. 8(1):168-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008000100020
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008...
from Bertioga (SP)

Hippocratea sp. (n=1)

Leaf gall, circular, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 27). Galler: not determined. Locality: Vale das Borboletas. Date: September/2011.

Clusiaceae (n=1)

Kielmeyera sp. (n=1)

Leaf gall, circular, yellowish, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 28). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Locality: Ladeira do Amendoim. Date: December/2011, March/2012.

Dilleniaceae (n=2)

Davilla brasiliana DC. (n=2)

Leaf gall, circular, yellowish, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 29). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Locality: Ladeira do Amendoim. Date: March/2012.

Bud gall, imbricated, green or brown, glabrous (Figure 30). Galler: Asphondylia sp. (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae). Date: September/2011, December/2011, June/2012. Localities: Cachoeira da Lua, Gruta do Sobradinho, Eubiose. Previous records: Serra de São José, MG (Maia & Fernandes 2004MAIA, V.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2004. Insect galls from Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brazil). Braz. J. Biol. 64(3):1-22.).

Other galls on Davilla spp. have been described by Fernandes et al. (1997)FERNANDES, G.W., ARAÚJO, R.C., ARAÚJO, S.C., LOMBARDI, J.A., PAULA, A.S., LOYOLA JÚNIOR, R. & CORNELISSEN, T.G. 1997. Insect galls from savanna and rocky fields of the Jequitinhonha valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Naturalia 22:221-244., Fernandes et al. (2001)FERNANDES, G.W., JULIÃO, G.R., ARAÚJO, R.C., ARAÚJO, S.C., LOMBARDI, J.A., NEGREIROS, J.A., NEGREIROS, D. & CARNEIRO, M.A.A. 2001. Distribution and morphology of insect galls of the Rio Doce Valley, Brazil. Naturalia 26:211-244., and Maia et al. (in press) from Vale do Jequitinhonha (MG), Vale do Rio Doce (MG), and Santa Teresa (ES).

Ebenaceae (n=1)

Diospyros sp. (n=1)

Stem swelling, globoid, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 31). Galler: not determined. Locality: Eubiose. Date: June/2012.

Erythroxylaceae (n=5)

Erythroxylum cf. suberosum A. St.-Hil. (n=5)

Leaf gall, red, hairy (Figure 32). Galler: Myrciaryiamia admirabilis Maia, 2007 (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera). Localities: Cachoeira da Lua, Gruta do Sobradinho, Vale das Borboletas. Date: December/2011, March/2012, June/2012.

Previous records: Serra de São José, MG (Maia & Fernandes 2004MAIA, V.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2004. Insect galls from Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brazil). Braz. J. Biol. 64(3):1-22.), Santa Rita do Passa Quatro, SP (Urso-Guimarães & Scareli-Santos 2006URSO-GUIMARÃES, M.V. & SCARELI-SANTOS, C. 2006. Galls and gall makers in plants from the Pé-de-Gigante Cerrado Reserve, Santa Rita do Passa Quatro, SP, Brazil. Braz. J. Biol. 66(1B):357-369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842006000200018
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842006...
) and Ingaí, MG (Malves & Frieiro-Costa 2012MALVES, K. & FRIEIRO-COSTA, F.A. 2012. List of plants with galls induced by insects from the UNILAVRAS/Boqueirão Biological Reserve, Ingaí, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Checklist 8(3):426-439.).

Apical bud, globoid, brown, glabrous, multi-chambered (Figure 33). Galler: Hymenoptera. Locality: Ladeira do Amendoim. Date: December/2011, March/2012.

Marginal leaf roll, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 34). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Localities: Gruta do Sobradinho, Ladeira do Amendoim. Date: June/2012.

Leaf gall globoid, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 35). Galler: not determined. Locality: Ladeira do Amendoim. Date: December/2011, March/2012, June/2012.

Leaf roll, green, glabrous, one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Other dwellers: inquiline (Lepidoptera). Localities: Cachoeira da Lua, Gruta do Sobradinho. Date: December/2011.

Other galls on Erythroxylum spp. have been described by Fernandes et al. (1988)FERNANDES, G.W., TAMEIRÃO-NETO, E. & MARTINS, R.P. 1988. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas entomógenas na vegetação do campus Pampulha da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Rev. Bras. Zool. 5(1):11-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751988000100002
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751988...
from Belo Horizonte (MG), Fernandes et al. (1997)FERNANDES, G.W., ARAÚJO, R.C., ARAÚJO, S.C., LOMBARDI, J.A., PAULA, A.S., LOYOLA JÚNIOR, R. & CORNELISSEN, T.G. 1997. Insect galls from savanna and rocky fields of the Jequitinhonha valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Naturalia 22:221-244. from Vale do Jequitinhonha (MG), Fernandes et al. (2001)FERNANDES, G.W., JULIÃO, G.R., ARAÚJO, R.C., ARAÚJO, S.C., LOMBARDI, J.A., NEGREIROS, J.A., NEGREIROS, D. & CARNEIRO, M.A.A. 2001. Distribution and morphology of insect galls of the Rio Doce Valley, Brazil. Naturalia 26:211-244. from Vale do Rio Doce (MG), Maia (2001)MAIA, V.C. 2001. The gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) from three restingas of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Zool. 18(2):583-629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001000200028
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001...
from Carapebus and Maricá (RJ), Julião et al. (2002)JULIÃO, G.R., AMARAL, M.E.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2002. Galhas de insetos e suas plantas hospedeiras no pantanal sul mato-grossense. Naturalia 27:47-74. from Pantanal sul mato-grossense (MS), Urso-Guimarães et al. (2003)URSO-GUIMARÃES, M.V., SCARELI-SANTOS, C. & BONIFÁCIO-SILVA, A.C. 2003. Occurrence and characterization of entomogen galls from natural vegetation areas in Delfinópolis, MG, Brazil. Braz. J. Biol. 63(4):705-715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842003000400018
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842003...
from Delfinópolis (MG), Maia & Fernandes (2004)MAIA, V.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2004. Insect galls from Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brazil). Braz. J. Biol. 64(3):1-22. from Serra de São José (MG), Oliveira & Maia (2005)OLIVEIRA, J.C. & MAIA, V.C. 2005. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas de insetos na restinga de Grumari (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil). Arq. Mus. Nac. 63(4):669-675. from Grumari (Rio de Janeiro, RJ), Maia et al. (2008)MAIA, V.C., MAGENTA, M.A.C. & MARTINS, S.E. 2008. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas de insetos em áreas de restinga de Bertioga (São Paulo, Brasil). Biota Neotrop. 8(1):168-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008000100020
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008...
from Bertioga (SP), Maia & Oliveira (2010)MAIA, V.C. & OLIVEIRA, J.C. 2010. Galhas de insetos da Reserva Biológica Estadual da Praia do Sul (Ilha Grande, Angra dos Reis, RJ). Biota Neotrop. 10(4):227-237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032010000400028
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032010...
from Ilha Grande (Angra dos Reis, RJ), Maia & Souza (in press) from Ilha do Cabo Frio (Arraial do Cabo, RJ), and Maia et al. (in press) from Santa Teresa (ES).

Euphorbiaceae (n=4)

Croton sp. (n=3)

Leaf gall, globoid, yellowish, hairy, one-chambered (Figure 36). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Localities: Cachoeira da Lua, Vale das Borboletas, Eubiose. Date: September/2011, December/2011, June/2012. Previous records: Malves & Frieiro-Costa (2012)MALVES, K. & FRIEIRO-COSTA, F.A. 2012. List of plants with galls induced by insects from the UNILAVRAS/Boqueirão Biological Reserve, Ingaí, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Checklist 8(3):426-439. recorded the same gall from Ingaí, MG.

Leaf gall, ovoid, yellowish or brownish, with few short trichomes (Figure 37), glabrous, one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Other dwellers: parasitoids (Hymenoptera). Locality: Cachoeira da Lua. Date: December/2011. Previous records: Malves & Frieiro-Costa (2012)MALVES, K. & FRIEIRO-COSTA, F.A. 2012. List of plants with galls induced by insects from the UNILAVRAS/Boqueirão Biological Reserve, Ingaí, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Checklist 8(3):426-439. recorded the same gall from Ingaí, MG.

Leaf gall, discoid, green, glabrous, one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Locality: Eubiose. Date: June/2012.

Several galls on Croton sp. have been recorded by Fernandes et al. (2001)FERNANDES, G.W., JULIÃO, G.R., ARAÚJO, R.C., ARAÚJO, S.C., LOMBARDI, J.A., NEGREIROS, J.A., NEGREIROS, D. & CARNEIRO, M.A.A. 2001. Distribution and morphology of insect galls of the Rio Doce Valley, Brazil. Naturalia 26:211-244., Urso-Guimarães et al. (2003)URSO-GUIMARÃES, M.V., SCARELI-SANTOS, C. & BONIFÁCIO-SILVA, A.C. 2003. Occurrence and characterization of entomogen galls from natural vegetation areas in Delfinópolis, MG, Brazil. Braz. J. Biol. 63(4):705-715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842003000400018
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842003...
, Maia & Fernandes (2004)MAIA, V.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2004. Insect galls from Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brazil). Braz. J. Biol. 64(3):1-22., Carneiro et al. (2009)CARNEIRO, M.A.A., BORGES, R.A.X., ARAÚJO, A.P.A. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2009. Insetos indutores de galls da porção sul da Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 53(4):570-592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009000400007
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009...
, Malves & Frieiro-Costa (2012)MALVES, K. & FRIEIRO-COSTA, F.A. 2012. List of plants with galls induced by insects from the UNILAVRAS/Boqueirão Biological Reserve, Ingaí, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Checklist 8(3):426-439., Maia & Souza (in press), Maia et al. (in press), and Maia (2012)MAIA, V. C. 2012. In press. Insect galls of Itamonte (Minas Gerais, Brazil): characterization and occurrence. Biota Netrop. from Vale do Rio Doce (MG), Delfinópolis (MG), Serra de São José (MG), Cadeia do Espinhaço (MG), Ingaí (MG), Ilha do Cabo Frio (Arraial do Cabo, RJ), Santa Teresa (ES), and Itamonte (MG).

Pera sp. (n=1)

Leaf gall, circular, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 38). Galler: not determined. Locality: Vale das Borboletas. Cachoeira da Lua. Date: September/2011, December/2011.

Figures 38-51.
Insect galls from São Tomé das letras (MG): 38. Leaf gall on Pera sp.; 39-41. Galls on Andira sp.; 39. Vermiform gall; 40. Globoid gall; 41. Marginal roll; 42-51. Galls on Copaifera cf. langsdorfii; 42. Midvein swelling; 43. Horn-shaped gall; 44. Globoid gall (glabrous); 45. Discoid gall; 46. Globoid gall (hairy); 47. Leaf fold; 48. Spot-like gall; 49. Cylindrical gall; 50. Cylindrical gall; 51. Stem swelling.

Previous records: Galls on Pera spp. have been described by Fernandes et al. (2001)FERNANDES, G.W., JULIÃO, G.R., ARAÚJO, R.C., ARAÚJO, S.C., LOMBARDI, J.A., NEGREIROS, J.A., NEGREIROS, D. & CARNEIRO, M.A.A. 2001. Distribution and morphology of insect galls of the Rio Doce Valley, Brazil. Naturalia 26:211-244. from Vale do Rio Doce (MG), and Maia et al. (2008)MAIA, V.C., MAGENTA, M.A.C. & MARTINS, S.E. 2008. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas de insetos em áreas de restinga de Bertioga (São Paulo, Brasil). Biota Neotrop. 8(1):168-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008000100020
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008...
from Bertioga (SP).

Fabaceae (n= 20)

Andira sp. (n=3)

Leaf gall, vermiform, green, one-chambered (Figure 39). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Other dwellers: parasitoids (Hymenoptera). Localities: Vale das Borboletas, Gruta do Sobradinho. Date: September/2011, March/2012. Previous records: Serra de São José, MG (Maia & Fernandes 2004MAIA, V.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2004. Insect galls from Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brazil). Braz. J. Biol. 64(3):1-22.), and Luiz Antonio, SP (Saito & Urso-Guimarães 2012SAITO, V.S. & URSO-GUIMARÃES, M.V. 2012. Characterization of galls, insect galls and associated fauna of Ecological Station of Jataí (Luiz Antônio, SP). Biota Neotrop 12(3):01-09. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032012000300011
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032012...
).

Leaf gall, globoid, yellow or reddish, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 40). Galler: not determined. Locality: Cachoeira da Lua. Date: March/2012.

Marginal leaf roll, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 41). Galler: not determined. Locality: Cachoeira da Lua. Date: March/2012.

Previous records: Fernandes et al. (1988)FERNANDES, G.W., TAMEIRÃO-NETO, E. & MARTINS, R.P. 1988. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas entomógenas na vegetação do campus Pampulha da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Rev. Bras. Zool. 5(1):11-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751988000100002
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751988...
, Fernandes et al. (2001)FERNANDES, G.W., JULIÃO, G.R., ARAÚJO, R.C., ARAÚJO, S.C., LOMBARDI, J.A., NEGREIROS, J.A., NEGREIROS, D. & CARNEIRO, M.A.A. 2001. Distribution and morphology of insect galls of the Rio Doce Valley, Brazil. Naturalia 26:211-244., Julião et al. (2002)JULIÃO, G.R., AMARAL, M.E.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2002. Galhas de insetos e suas plantas hospedeiras no pantanal sul mato-grossense. Naturalia 27:47-74., Maia et al. (2008)MAIA, V.C., MAGENTA, M.A.C. & MARTINS, S.E. 2008. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas de insetos em áreas de restinga de Bertioga (São Paulo, Brasil). Biota Neotrop. 8(1):168-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008000100020
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008...
, and Maia et al. (in press) recorded galls on Andira spp. from Belo Horizonte (MG), Vale do Rio Doce (MG), Pantanal sul mato-grossense (MS), Bertioga (SP), and Santa Teresa (ES), respectively.

Copaifera cf. langsdorfii Desf. (n=10)

Midvein swelling, fusiform, brown, woody, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 42). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Localities: Vale das Borboletas, Cachoeira da Lua, Gruta do Sobradinho. Date: March/2011, September/2011, June/2012. Previous records: Belo Horizonte (Fernandes et al. 1988FERNANDES, G.W., TAMEIRÃO-NETO, E. & MARTINS, R.P. 1988. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas entomógenas na vegetação do campus Pampulha da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Rev. Bras. Zool. 5(1):11-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751988000100002
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751988...
), and Vale do Jequitinhonha, MG (Fernandes et al. 1997FERNANDES, G.W., ARAÚJO, R.C., ARAÚJO, S.C., LOMBARDI, J.A., PAULA, A.S., LOYOLA JÚNIOR, R. & CORNELISSEN, T.G. 1997. Insect galls from savanna and rocky fields of the Jequitinhonha valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Naturalia 22:221-244.).

Bud or leaf gall, horn-shaped, green or reddish, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 43). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Localities: Cachoeira da Lua, Gruta do Sobradinho. Date: March/2012, June/2012. Previous records: Belo Horizonte (Fernandes et al. 1988FERNANDES, G.W., TAMEIRÃO-NETO, E. & MARTINS, R.P. 1988. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas entomógenas na vegetação do campus Pampulha da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Rev. Bras. Zool. 5(1):11-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751988000100002
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751988...
) and Serra de São José, MG (Maia & Fernandes 2004MAIA, V.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2004. Insect galls from Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brazil). Braz. J. Biol. 64(3):1-22.).

Leaf gall, globoid, green, reddish or yellowish, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 44). Galler: not determined. Localities: Ladeira do Amendoim, Vale das Borboletas, Gruta do Sobradinho, Cachoeira da Lua. Date: June/2012. Previous records: Belo Horizonte (Fernandes et al. 1988FERNANDES, G.W., TAMEIRÃO-NETO, E. & MARTINS, R.P. 1988. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas entomógenas na vegetação do campus Pampulha da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Rev. Bras. Zool. 5(1):11-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751988000100002
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751988...
), and Serra de São José, MG (Maia & Fernandes 2004MAIA, V.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2004. Insect galls from Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brazil). Braz. J. Biol. 64(3):1-22.).

Leaf gall, discoid, yellowish, green or brownish, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 45). Galler: not determined. Localities: Cachoeira da Lua, Vale das Borboletas, Harmonia. Date: March/2012, June/2012. Previous records: Vale do Jequitinhonha (Fernandes et al. 1997FERNANDES, G.W., ARAÚJO, R.C., ARAÚJO, S.C., LOMBARDI, J.A., PAULA, A.S., LOYOLA JÚNIOR, R. & CORNELISSEN, T.G. 1997. Insect galls from savanna and rocky fields of the Jequitinhonha valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Naturalia 22:221-244.), and Serra de São José, MG (Maia & Fernandes 2004MAIA, V.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2004. Insect galls from Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brazil). Braz. J. Biol. 64(3):1-22.).

Leaf gall, globoid, yellowish, hairy, one-chambered (Figure 46). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Localities: Vale das Borboletas, Cachoeira da Lua. Date: December/2011, June/2012.

Leaf fold, yellowish or greenish, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 47). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Locality: Cachoeira da Lua. Date: March/2012. Previous records: Serra do Cipó, MG (Coelho et al. 2009COELHO, M.S., ALMADA, E.D., FERNANDES, G.W., CARNEIRO, M.A.A., SANTOS, R.M., QUINTINO, A.V. & SANCHEZ-AZOFEIFA, A. 2009. Gall inducing arthropods from a seasonally dry tropical forest in Serra do Cipó, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 53(3):404-414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009000300015
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009...
).

Leaf gall, spot-like, black, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 48). Galler: not determined. Locality: Cachoeira da Lua. Date: March/2012.

Leaf gall, yellow or greenish, conical or cylindrical, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 49). Galler: not determined. Localities: Vale das Borboletas, Cachoeira da Lua. Date: March/2012.

Leaf gall, cylindrical, reddish or yellowish, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 50). Galler: not determined. Dweller: Thysanoptera. Locality: Gruta do Sobradinho. Date: September/2011.

Stem swelling, fusiform, brown, glabrous (Figure 51). Galler: not determined. Locality: Gruta do sobradinho. Date: September/2011.

Fernandes et al. (1988FERNANDES, G.W., TAMEIRÃO-NETO, E. & MARTINS, R.P. 1988. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas entomógenas na vegetação do campus Pampulha da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Rev. Bras. Zool. 5(1):11-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751988000100002
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751988...
, 1997)FERNANDES, G.W., ARAÚJO, R.C., ARAÚJO, S.C., LOMBARDI, J.A., PAULA, A.S., LOYOLA JÚNIOR, R. & CORNELISSEN, T.G. 1997. Insect galls from savanna and rocky fields of the Jequitinhonha valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Naturalia 22:221-244., Urso-Guimarães & Scareli-Santos (2006)URSO-GUIMARÃES, M.V. & SCARELI-SANTOS, C. 2006. Galls and gall makers in plants from the Pé-de-Gigante Cerrado Reserve, Santa Rita do Passa Quatro, SP, Brazil. Braz. J. Biol. 66(1B):357-369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842006000200018
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842006...
, and Maia & Souza (in press) described other galls on this host plant from Belo Horizonte (MG), Vale do Jequitinhonha (MG), Santa Rita do Passa-Quatro (SP), and Ilha do Cabo Frio (Arraial do Cabo, RJ), respectively.

Dalbergia foliosa (Benth.) A. M. Carvalho (n=3)

Stem swelling, fusiform, brown, glabrous, multi-chambered (Figure 52). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Localities: Ladeira do Amendoim, Cachoeira da Lua, Eubiose. Date: December/2011, March/2012, June/2012.

Figures 52-65.
Insect galls of São Tomé das Letras (MG): 52-54. On Dalbergia foliosa; 52. Stem gall; 53. Leaf gall; 54. Stem gall (elongate); 55. Bud gall on Inga crassifolia; 56. Bud or stem gall on Inga edulis; 57. Stem swelling on Machaerium sp.; 58. Stem swelling on Stylosanthes gracilis; 59. Stem swelling on Hyptis recurvata; 60. Leaf or bud gall on Ocimum sp.; 61. Leaf gall on Ocotea cernua; 62. Bud gall on Ocotea sp.; 63. Aerial root swelling on Struthanthus sp.; 64. Stem swelling on Cuphea sp.; 65. Vein swelling on Byrsonima verbascifolia var. intermedia.

Leaf gall, globoid, yellowish or greenish, hairy, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 53). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Other dwellers: parasitoids (Hymenoptera). Locality: Cachoeira da Lua. Date: December/2011, March/2012.

Stem swelling, fusiform, elongate, dark brown, glabrous, multi-chambered (Figure 54). Galler: Lepidoptera. Other dwellers: parasitoids (Hymenoptera). Localities: Cachoeira da Lua, Gruta do Sobradinho. Date: December/2011.

Previous records: Maia (2001)MAIA, V.C. 2001. The gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) from three restingas of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Zool. 18(2):583-629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001000200028
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001...
, Fernandes et al. (2001)FERNANDES, G.W., JULIÃO, G.R., ARAÚJO, R.C., ARAÚJO, S.C., LOMBARDI, J.A., NEGREIROS, J.A., NEGREIROS, D. & CARNEIRO, M.A.A. 2001. Distribution and morphology of insect galls of the Rio Doce Valley, Brazil. Naturalia 26:211-244., Maia et al. (2008)MAIA, V.C., MAGENTA, M.A.C. & MARTINS, S.E. 2008. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas de insetos em áreas de restinga de Bertioga (São Paulo, Brasil). Biota Neotrop. 8(1):168-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008000100020
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008...
; Carneiro et al. (2009)CARNEIRO, M.A.A., BORGES, R.A.X., ARAÚJO, A.P.A. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2009. Insetos indutores de galls da porção sul da Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 53(4):570-592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009000400007
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009...
, Maia & Oliveira (2010)MAIA, V.C. & OLIVEIRA, J.C. 2010. Galhas de insetos da Reserva Biológica Estadual da Praia do Sul (Ilha Grande, Angra dos Reis, RJ). Biota Neotrop. 10(4):227-237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032010000400028
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032010...
, and Maia et al. (in press) described some galls on Dalbergia spp. from Carapebus (RJ), Vale do Rio Doce (MG), Bertioga (SP), Cadeia do Espinhaço (MG), Ilha Grande (Angra dos Reis, RJ), and Santa Teresa (ES), respectively.

Inga crassifolia Klotzsch ex Benth. (n=1)

Bud gall, globoid, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 55). Galler: not determined. Locality: Vale das Borboletas. Date: December/2011.

Inga edulis Mart. (n=1)

Bud or stem gall, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 56). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Locality: Vale das Borboletas. Date: March/2012, June/2012. Previous records: Urso-Guimarães et al. (2003)URSO-GUIMARÃES, M.V., SCARELI-SANTOS, C. & BONIFÁCIO-SILVA, A.C. 2003. Occurrence and characterization of entomogen galls from natural vegetation areas in Delfinópolis, MG, Brazil. Braz. J. Biol. 63(4):705-715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842003000400018
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842003...
recorded a leaf gall on this same host plant from Delfinópolis, MG.

Other galls on Inga spp. have been described by Fernandes et al. (1988)FERNANDES, G.W., TAMEIRÃO-NETO, E. & MARTINS, R.P. 1988. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas entomógenas na vegetação do campus Pampulha da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Rev. Bras. Zool. 5(1):11-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751988000100002
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751988...
from Belo Horizonte (MG), Maia (2001)MAIA, V.C. 2001. The gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) from three restingas of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Zool. 18(2):583-629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001000200028
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001...
from Maricá (RJ), Julião et al. (2002)JULIÃO, G.R., AMARAL, M.E.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2002. Galhas de insetos e suas plantas hospedeiras no pantanal sul mato-grossense. Naturalia 27:47-74. from Pantanal sul mato-grossense (MS); Maia & Fernandes (2004)MAIA, V.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2004. Insect galls from Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brazil). Braz. J. Biol. 64(3):1-22. from Serra de São José (MG), Oliveira & Maia (2005)OLIVEIRA, J.C. & MAIA, V.C. 2005. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas de insetos na restinga de Grumari (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil). Arq. Mus. Nac. 63(4):669-675. from Grumari (Rio de Janeiro, RJ), Fernandes & Negreiros (2006)FERNANDES, G.W. & NEGREIROS, D. 2006. A comunidade de insetos galhadores da RPPN Fazenda Bulcão, Aimorés, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Lundiana 7(2):111-120. from Aimorés (MG), Maia et al. (2008)MAIA, V.C., MAGENTA, M.A.C. & MARTINS, S.E. 2008. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas de insetos em áreas de restinga de Bertioga (São Paulo, Brasil). Biota Neotrop. 8(1):168-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008000100020
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008...
from Bertioga (SP), Maia & Oliveira (2010)MAIA, V.C. & OLIVEIRA, J.C. 2010. Galhas de insetos da Reserva Biológica Estadual da Praia do Sul (Ilha Grande, Angra dos Reis, RJ). Biota Neotrop. 10(4):227-237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032010000400028
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032010...
from Ilha Grande (Angra dos Reis, RJ); Santos et al. (2010)SANTOS, B.B., FERREIRA, H.D. & ARAÚJO, W.S. 2010. Ocorrência e caraterização de galhas entomógenas em uma área de floresta estacional semi-decídua em Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil. Acta bot. bras. 24(1):243-249. from Goiânia (GO), Maia (2011)MAIA, V. C. 2011. Characterization of insect galls, gall makers, and associated fauna of Platô Bacaba (Porto de Trombetas, Pará, Brazil). Biota Neotrop. 11(4):37-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032011000400003
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032011...
from Porto de Trombetas (Pará), Maia et al. (in press) from Santa Teresa (ES); and Maia (2012)MAIA, V. C. 2012. In press. Insect galls of Itamonte (Minas Gerais, Brazil): characterization and occurrence. Biota Netrop. from Itamonte (MG).

Machaerium sp. (n=1)

Stem swelling, globoid, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 57). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Locality: Cachoeira da Lua. Date: September/2011.

Previous records: Fernandes et al. (1988)FERNANDES, G.W., TAMEIRÃO-NETO, E. & MARTINS, R.P. 1988. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas entomógenas na vegetação do campus Pampulha da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Rev. Bras. Zool. 5(1):11-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751988000100002
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751988...
, Fernandes et al. (2001)FERNANDES, G.W., JULIÃO, G.R., ARAÚJO, R.C., ARAÚJO, S.C., LOMBARDI, J.A., NEGREIROS, J.A., NEGREIROS, D. & CARNEIRO, M.A.A. 2001. Distribution and morphology of insect galls of the Rio Doce Valley, Brazil. Naturalia 26:211-244., Fernandes & Negreiros (2006)FERNANDES, G.W. & NEGREIROS, D. 2006. A comunidade de insetos galhadores da RPPN Fazenda Bulcão, Aimorés, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Lundiana 7(2):111-120., Maia et al. (2008)MAIA, V.C., MAGENTA, M.A.C. & MARTINS, S.E. 2008. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas de insetos em áreas de restinga de Bertioga (São Paulo, Brasil). Biota Neotrop. 8(1):168-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008000100020
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008...
, Malves & Frieiro-Costa (2012)MALVES, K. & FRIEIRO-COSTA, F.A. 2012. List of plants with galls induced by insects from the UNILAVRAS/Boqueirão Biological Reserve, Ingaí, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Checklist 8(3):426-439., and Maia et al. (in press) recorded stem galls on Machaerium spp. from Belo Horizonte (MG), Vale do Rio Doce (MG), Aimorés (MG), Bertioga (SP), Ingaí (MG), and Santa Teresa (ES).

Stylosanthes gracilis Kunth. (n=1)

Stem swelling, fusiform, brownish or reddish, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 58). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Localities: Cachoeira da Lua, Gruta do Sobradinho. Date: March/2012.

Previous records: Itamonte, MG (Maia 2012MAIA, V. C. 2012. In press. Insect galls of Itamonte (Minas Gerais, Brazil): characterization and occurrence. Biota Netrop.). Other records: galls on Stylosanthes spp. were described by Coelho et al. (2009)COELHO, M.S., ALMADA, E.D., FERNANDES, G.W., CARNEIRO, M.A.A., SANTOS, R.M., QUINTINO, A.V. & SANCHEZ-AZOFEIFA, A. 2009. Gall inducing arthropods from a seasonally dry tropical forest in Serra do Cipó, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 53(3):404-414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009000300015
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009...
from Serra do Cipó, MG.

Lamiaceae (n=2)

Hyptis recurvata Poit. (n=1)

Stem swelling, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 59). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Localities: Gruta do Sobradinho, Eubiose. Date: June/2012.

Previous records: Galls on Hyptis spp. were described by Maia et al. (2008)MAIA, V.C., MAGENTA, M.A.C. & MARTINS, S.E. 2008. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas de insetos em áreas de restinga de Bertioga (São Paulo, Brasil). Biota Neotrop. 8(1):168-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008000100020
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008...
from Bertioga (SP), Carneiro et al. (2009)CARNEIRO, M.A.A., BORGES, R.A.X., ARAÚJO, A.P.A. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2009. Insetos indutores de galls da porção sul da Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 53(4):570-592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009000400007
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009...
from Cadeia do Espinhaço (MG), Coelho et al. (2009)COELHO, M.S., ALMADA, E.D., FERNANDES, G.W., CARNEIRO, M.A.A., SANTOS, R.M., QUINTINO, A.V. & SANCHEZ-AZOFEIFA, A. 2009. Gall inducing arthropods from a seasonally dry tropical forest in Serra do Cipó, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 53(3):404-414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009000300015
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009...
from Serra do Cipó (MG), Santos et al. (2011)SANTOS, J.C., ALMEIDA-CORTEZ, J.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2011. Richness of gall-inducing insects in the tropical dry forest (caatinga) of Pernambuco. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 55(1):45-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262011000100009
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262011...
from Pernambuco, and Maia (2012)MAIA, V. C. 2012. In press. Insect galls of Itamonte (Minas Gerais, Brazil): characterization and occurrence. Biota Netrop. from Itamonte (MG).

Ocimum sp. (n=1)

Leaf or bud gall, globoid, greenish, hairy (Figure 60). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Locality: ale das Borboletas. Date: December/2011.

Lauraceae (n=2)

Ocotea cernua (Nees) Mez. (n=1)

Leaf gall, conical, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 61). Galler: not determined. Locality: Cachoeira da Lua. Date: June/2012.

Ocotea sp. (n=1)

Apical bud gall, ovoid, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 62). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Locality: Eubiose. Date: June/2012.

Previous records: Maia (2001)MAIA, V.C. 2001. The gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) from three restingas of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Zool. 18(2):583-629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001000200028
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001...
, Fernandes et al. (2001)FERNANDES, G.W., JULIÃO, G.R., ARAÚJO, R.C., ARAÚJO, S.C., LOMBARDI, J.A., NEGREIROS, J.A., NEGREIROS, D. & CARNEIRO, M.A.A. 2001. Distribution and morphology of insect galls of the Rio Doce Valley, Brazil. Naturalia 26:211-244., Julião et al. (2002)JULIÃO, G.R., AMARAL, M.E.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2002. Galhas de insetos e suas plantas hospedeiras no pantanal sul mato-grossense. Naturalia 27:47-74., Maia et al. (2008)MAIA, V.C., MAGENTA, M.A.C. & MARTINS, S.E. 2008. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas de insetos em áreas de restinga de Bertioga (São Paulo, Brasil). Biota Neotrop. 8(1):168-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008000100020
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008...
, Carneiro et al. (2009)CARNEIRO, M.A.A., BORGES, R.A.X., ARAÚJO, A.P.A. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2009. Insetos indutores de galls da porção sul da Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 53(4):570-592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009000400007
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009...
, Bregonci et al. (2010)BREGONCI, J.M., POLYCARPO, P.V. & MAIA, V.C. 2010. Insect galls of the Parque Estadual Paulo César Vinha (Guarapari, ES, Brazil). Biota Neotrop. 10(1):265-274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032010000100023
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032010...
, Saito & Urso-Guimarães (2012)SAITO, V.S. & URSO-GUIMARÃES, M.V. 2012. Characterization of galls, insect galls and associated fauna of Ecological Station of Jataí (Luiz Antônio, SP). Biota Neotrop 12(3):01-09. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032012000300011
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032012...
, Maia et al. (in press); and Maia (2012)MAIA, V. C. 2012. In press. Insect galls of Itamonte (Minas Gerais, Brazil): characterization and occurrence. Biota Netrop. recorded other galls on Ocotea spp. from Carapebus and Maricá (RJ), Vale do Rio Doce (MG), Pantanal sul mato-grossense (MS), Bertioga (SP), Cadeia do Espinhaço (MG), Guarapari (ES), Luiz Antonio (SP), Santa Teresa (ES), and Itamonte (MG), respectively.

Loranthaceae (n=1)

Struthanthus sp. (n=1)

Aerial root swelling, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 63). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Locality: Eubiose. Date: June/2012.

Lythraceae (n=1)

Cuphea sp. (n=1)

Stem swelling, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 64). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Localities: Cachoeira da Lua, Gruta do Sobradinho. Date: September/2011. Previous records: Itamonte, MG (Maia 2012MAIA, V. C. 2012. In press. Insect galls of Itamonte (Minas Gerais, Brazil): characterization and occurrence. Biota Netrop.). Other records: Carneiro et al. (2009)CARNEIRO, M.A.A., BORGES, R.A.X., ARAÚJO, A.P.A. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2009. Insetos indutores de galls da porção sul da Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 53(4):570-592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009000400007
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009...
recorded a gall on Cuphea ericoides Cham. & Schlech. from Cadeia do Espinhaço, MG.

Malpighiaceae (n=5)

Byrsonima verbascifolia (L.) Rich. var. intermedia A. Juss. (n=1)

Vein swelling, globoid, brown, woody, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 65). Galler: not determined. Dwellers: Hymenoptera. Localities: Ladeira do Amendoim, Cachoeira da Lua, Gruta do Sobradinho. September/2011.

Byrsonima verbascifolia (L.) Rich. var. villosa Griseb (n=1)

Stem gall, globoid, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 66). Galler: not determined. Localities: Ladeira do Amendoim, Cachoeira da Lua, Gruta do Sobradinho. Date: March/2012.

Figures 66-77.
Insect galls of São Tomé das Letras (MG): 66. Stem gall on Byrsonima verbascifolia var. villosa; 67. Leaf gall on B. verbascifolia; 68. Bud gall on Mascagnia sp.; 69. Vein swelling on Mendocia sp.; 70. Midvein swelling on Luehea grandiflora; 71. Stem swelling on Melochia sp.; 72. Stem swelling on Aciotis cf.indecora; 73. Leaf gall on Clidemia sp.1; 74. Stem swelling on Clidemia sp.2; 75. Leaf gall on Miconia ligustroides; 76. Stem swelling on Miconia cf. theaezans; 77. Stem swelling on Miconia sp.1.

Byrsonima verbascifolia (L.) Rich. (n=1)

Leaf gall, conical, brown, micropubescent, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 67). Galler: Cecidomiidae (Diptera). Other dwellers: parasitoids (Hymenoptera). Localities: Gruta do Sobradinho, Ladeira do Amendoim, Harmonia. Date: September/2011, December/2011, March/2012. Previous records: Serra de São José, MG (Maia & Fernandes 2004MAIA, V.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2004. Insect galls from Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brazil). Braz. J. Biol. 64(3):1-22.).

Previous records: Fernandes et al. (1997)FERNANDES, G.W., ARAÚJO, R.C., ARAÚJO, S.C., LOMBARDI, J.A., PAULA, A.S., LOYOLA JÚNIOR, R. & CORNELISSEN, T.G. 1997. Insect galls from savanna and rocky fields of the Jequitinhonha valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Naturalia 22:221-244., Fernandes et al. (2001)FERNANDES, G.W., JULIÃO, G.R., ARAÚJO, R.C., ARAÚJO, S.C., LOMBARDI, J.A., NEGREIROS, J.A., NEGREIROS, D. & CARNEIRO, M.A.A. 2001. Distribution and morphology of insect galls of the Rio Doce Valley, Brazil. Naturalia 26:211-244., Maia (2001)MAIA, V.C. 2001. The gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) from three restingas of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Zool. 18(2):583-629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001000200028
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001...
, Julião et al. (2002)JULIÃO, G.R., AMARAL, M.E.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2002. Galhas de insetos e suas plantas hospedeiras no pantanal sul mato-grossense. Naturalia 27:47-74., Urso-Guimarães et al. (2003)URSO-GUIMARÃES, M.V., SCARELI-SANTOS, C. & BONIFÁCIO-SILVA, A.C. 2003. Occurrence and characterization of entomogen galls from natural vegetation areas in Delfinópolis, MG, Brazil. Braz. J. Biol. 63(4):705-715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842003000400018
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842003...
, Maia & Fernandes (2004)MAIA, V.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2004. Insect galls from Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brazil). Braz. J. Biol. 64(3):1-22., Oliveira & Maia (2005)OLIVEIRA, J.C. & MAIA, V.C. 2005. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas de insetos na restinga de Grumari (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil). Arq. Mus. Nac. 63(4):669-675., Urso-Guimarães & Scareli-Santos (2006)URSO-GUIMARÃES, M.V. & SCARELI-SANTOS, C. 2006. Galls and gall makers in plants from the Pé-de-Gigante Cerrado Reserve, Santa Rita do Passa Quatro, SP, Brazil. Braz. J. Biol. 66(1B):357-369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842006000200018
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842006...
, Carneiro et al. (2009)CARNEIRO, M.A.A., BORGES, R.A.X., ARAÚJO, A.P.A. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2009. Insetos indutores de galls da porção sul da Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 53(4):570-592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009000400007
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009...
, Maia & Oliveira (2010)MAIA, V.C. & OLIVEIRA, J.C. 2010. Galhas de insetos da Reserva Biológica Estadual da Praia do Sul (Ilha Grande, Angra dos Reis, RJ). Biota Neotrop. 10(4):227-237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032010000400028
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032010...
, Bregonci et al. (2010)BREGONCI, J.M., POLYCARPO, P.V. & MAIA, V.C. 2010. Insect galls of the Parque Estadual Paulo César Vinha (Guarapari, ES, Brazil). Biota Neotrop. 10(1):265-274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032010000100023
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032010...
, Santos et al. (2011)SANTOS, J.C., ALMEIDA-CORTEZ, J.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2011. Richness of gall-inducing insects in the tropical dry forest (caatinga) of Pernambuco. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 55(1):45-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262011000100009
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262011...
, Saito & Urso-Guimarães (2012)SAITO, V.S. & URSO-GUIMARÃES, M.V. 2012. Characterization of galls, insect galls and associated fauna of Ecological Station of Jataí (Luiz Antônio, SP). Biota Neotrop 12(3):01-09. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032012000300011
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032012...
, and Maia et al. (in press) recorded several galls on Byrsonima spp. from Vale do Jequitinhonha (MG), Vale do Rio Doce (MG), Carapebus and Maricá (RJ), Pantanal sul mato-grossense (MS), Delfinópolis (MG), Serra de São José (MG), Grumari (Rio de Janeiro, RJ), Santa Rita do Passa-Quatro (MG), Cadeia do Espinhaço (MG), Ilha Grande (Angra dos Reis, RJ), Guarapari (ES), Pernambuco, Luiz Antonio (SP), and Santa Teresa (ES), respectively.

Mascagnia sp. (n=1)

Bud gall, ovoid, yellow, hairy, one-chambered (Figure 68) Galler: not determined. Localities: Vale das Borboletas, Eubiose. Date: September/2011, June/2012.

Mendocia sp. (n=1)

Vein swelling, globoid, greenish, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 69). Galler: not determined. Locality: Eubiose. Date: June/2012.

Malvaceae (n=3)

Luehea grandiflora Mart. (n=1)

Midvein or petiole swelling, bulbous, greenish, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 70). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Locality: Cachoeira da Lua. Date: March/2012.

Melochia sp. (n=1)

Stem swelling, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 71). Galler: not determined. Locality: Gruta do Sobradinho. Date: December/2011.

Waltheria indica L. (n=1)

Leaf gall, globoid, yellow, hairy, glabrous, one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Locality: Cachoeira da Lua. Date: June/2012.

Previous records: Santos et al. (2011)SANTOS, J.C., ALMEIDA-CORTEZ, J.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2011. Richness of gall-inducing insects in the tropical dry forest (caatinga) of Pernambuco. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 55(1):45-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262011000100009
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262011...
described other leaf gall on this plant from Pernambuco.

Melastomataceae (n=18)

Aciotis cf. indecora (Bonpl) Triana (n=2)

Stem swelling, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 72). Galler: not determined. Locality: Eubiose. Date: June/2012. Previous records: Itamonte, MG (Maia 2012MAIA, V. C. 2012. In press. Insect galls of Itamonte (Minas Gerais, Brazil): characterization and occurrence. Biota Netrop.).

Vein swelling, fusiform, green, glabrous, one-chambered. Galler: not determined. Locality: Eubiose. Date: June/2012. Previous records: Itamonte, MG (Maia 2012MAIA, V. C. 2012. In press. Insect galls of Itamonte (Minas Gerais, Brazil): characterization and occurrence. Biota Netrop.).

Clidemia sp. 1 (n=2)

Leaf gall, globoid, red or yellow, hairy, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 73). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Locality: Vale das Borboletas. Date: December/2011.

Bud gall, globoid, rugose, glabrous, one-chambered. Galler: not determined. Locality: Vale das Borboletas. Date: December/2011.

Clidemia sp. 2 (n=1)

Stem swelling, fusiform, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 74). Galler: not determined. Locality: Cachoeira da Lua. Date: March/2012.

Previous records: Fernandes et al. (2001)FERNANDES, G.W., JULIÃO, G.R., ARAÚJO, R.C., ARAÚJO, S.C., LOMBARDI, J.A., NEGREIROS, J.A., NEGREIROS, D. & CARNEIRO, M.A.A. 2001. Distribution and morphology of insect galls of the Rio Doce Valley, Brazil. Naturalia 26:211-244., Maia et al. (2008)MAIA, V.C., MAGENTA, M.A.C. & MARTINS, S.E. 2008. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas de insetos em áreas de restinga de Bertioga (São Paulo, Brasil). Biota Neotrop. 8(1):168-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008000100020
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008...
, Maia et al. (in press), and Maia (2012)MAIA, V. C. 2012. In press. Insect galls of Itamonte (Minas Gerais, Brazil): characterization and occurrence. Biota Netrop. recorded galls on Clidemia spp. from Vale do Rio Doce (MG), Bertioga (SP), Santa Teresa (ES), and Itamonte (MG), respectively.

Miconia ligustroides (DC.) Naudin (n=1)

Leaf gall, globoid, yellow, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 75). Galler: not determined. Locality: Cachoeira da Lua. Date: March/2012.

Miconia cf. theaezans Cogn. (n=1)

Stem swelling, fusiform, brown with black spot, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 76). Galler: not determined. Localities: Ladeira do Amendoim, Vale das Borboletas, Cachoeira da Lua, Gruta do Sobradinho, Harmonia. Date: December/2011, March/2012.

Miconia sp.1 (n=3)

Bud or stem swelling, globoid, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 77). Galler: not determined. Locality: Ladeira do Amendoim. Date: September/2011.

Bud or leaf gall, globoid, brownish, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 78). Galler: not determined. Locality: Eubiose. Date: June/2012.

Figures 78-89.
Insect galls of São Tomé das Letras (MG): 78. Bud or leaf gall on Miconia sp.1; 79. Leaf gall on Miconia sp.1; 80. Bud gall on Miconia sp.2; 81. Vein swelling on Miconia sp.3; 82. Petiole swelling on Mouriri sp.; 83. Vein swelling on Tibouchina granulosa; 84. Leaf gall on Tibouchina cf. stenocarpa; 85. Stem swelling on Melastomataceae not determined 1; 86. Bud gall on Melastomataceae not determined 2; 87. Leaf gall on Moriri sp.; 88. Stem swelling on Brosimum sp.; 89. Stem swelling on Brosimum sp.

Leaf gall, globoid, reddish, micropubescent, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 79). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Locality: Eubiose. Date: June/2012.

Miconia sp.2 (n=1)

Bud gall, globoid, green with red trichomes, one-chambered (Figure 80). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Locality: Cachoeira da Lua. Date: March/2012.

Miconia sp. 3 (n=2)

Vein swelling, fusiform, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 81). Galler: not determined. Locality: Vale das Borboletas. Date: June/2012.

Leaf gall, globoid, whitish, glabrous, one-chambered. Galler: not determined. Locality: Vale das Borboletas. Date: June/2012.

Previous records: Fernandes et al. (1997)FERNANDES, G.W., ARAÚJO, R.C., ARAÚJO, S.C., LOMBARDI, J.A., PAULA, A.S., LOYOLA JÚNIOR, R. & CORNELISSEN, T.G. 1997. Insect galls from savanna and rocky fields of the Jequitinhonha valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Naturalia 22:221-244., Fernandes et al. (2001)FERNANDES, G.W., JULIÃO, G.R., ARAÚJO, R.C., ARAÚJO, S.C., LOMBARDI, J.A., NEGREIROS, J.A., NEGREIROS, D. & CARNEIRO, M.A.A. 2001. Distribution and morphology of insect galls of the Rio Doce Valley, Brazil. Naturalia 26:211-244., Maia (2001)MAIA, V.C. 2001. The gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) from three restingas of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Zool. 18(2):583-629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001000200028
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001...
, Maia & Fernandes (2004)MAIA, V.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2004. Insect galls from Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brazil). Braz. J. Biol. 64(3):1-22., Urso-Guimarães & Scareli-Santos (2006)URSO-GUIMARÃES, M.V. & SCARELI-SANTOS, C. 2006. Galls and gall makers in plants from the Pé-de-Gigante Cerrado Reserve, Santa Rita do Passa Quatro, SP, Brazil. Braz. J. Biol. 66(1B):357-369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842006000200018
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842006...
, Maia et al. (2008)MAIA, V.C., MAGENTA, M.A.C. & MARTINS, S.E. 2008. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas de insetos em áreas de restinga de Bertioga (São Paulo, Brasil). Biota Neotrop. 8(1):168-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008000100020
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008...
, Carneiro et al. (2009)CARNEIRO, M.A.A., BORGES, R.A.X., ARAÚJO, A.P.A. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2009. Insetos indutores de galls da porção sul da Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 53(4):570-592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009000400007
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009...
, Maia (2011)MAIA, V. C. 2011. Characterization of insect galls, gall makers, and associated fauna of Platô Bacaba (Porto de Trombetas, Pará, Brazil). Biota Neotrop. 11(4):37-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032011000400003
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032011...
, Malves & Frieiro-Costa (2012)MALVES, K. & FRIEIRO-COSTA, F.A. 2012. List of plants with galls induced by insects from the UNILAVRAS/Boqueirão Biological Reserve, Ingaí, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Checklist 8(3):426-439., Saito & Urso-Guimarães (2012)SAITO, V.S. & URSO-GUIMARÃES, M.V. 2012. Characterization of galls, insect galls and associated fauna of Ecological Station of Jataí (Luiz Antônio, SP). Biota Neotrop 12(3):01-09. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032012000300011
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032012...
, Maia et al. (in press), and Maia (2012)MAIA, V. C. 2012. In press. Insect galls of Itamonte (Minas Gerais, Brazil): characterization and occurrence. Biota Netrop. recorded several galls on Miconia spp. from Vale do Jequitinhonha (MG), Vale do Rio Doce (MG), Carapebus (RJ), Serra de São José (MG), Santa Rita do Passa-Quatro (SP), Bertioga (SP), Cadeia do Espinhaço (MG), Porto de Trombetas (Pará), Ingaí (MG), Luiz Antonio (SP), Santa Teresa (ES), and Itamonte (MG), respectively.

Mouriri sp. (n=1)

Petiole swelling, bulbous, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 82). Galler: not determined. Locality: Gruta do Sobradinho. Date: March/2012.

Tibouchina granulosa (Desr.) Cogn (n=1)

Vein swelling, fusiform, green or brownish, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 83). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Locality: Cachoeira da Lua. Date: September/2011.

Tibouchina cf. stenocarpa (DC.) Cogn. (n=1)

Leaf gall, burn-shaped, green, one-chambered (Figure 84). Galler: Lepidoptera. Locality: Cachoeira da Lua. Date: March/2012, June/2012. Previous records: Itamonte, MG (Maia 2012MAIA, V. C. 2012. In press. Insect galls of Itamonte (Minas Gerais, Brazil): characterization and occurrence. Biota Netrop.).

Previous records: Fernandes et al. (2001)FERNANDES, G.W., JULIÃO, G.R., ARAÚJO, R.C., ARAÚJO, S.C., LOMBARDI, J.A., NEGREIROS, J.A., NEGREIROS, D. & CARNEIRO, M.A.A. 2001. Distribution and morphology of insect galls of the Rio Doce Valley, Brazil. Naturalia 26:211-244., Maia & Fernandes (2004)MAIA, V.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2004. Insect galls from Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brazil). Braz. J. Biol. 64(3):1-22., Maia et al. (2008)MAIA, V.C., MAGENTA, M.A.C. & MARTINS, S.E. 2008. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas de insetos em áreas de restinga de Bertioga (São Paulo, Brasil). Biota Neotrop. 8(1):168-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008000100020
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008...
, Carneiro et al. (2009)CARNEIRO, M.A.A., BORGES, R.A.X., ARAÚJO, A.P.A. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2009. Insetos indutores de galls da porção sul da Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 53(4):570-592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009000400007
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009...
, and Maia et al. (in press) recorded several galls on Tibouchina spp. from Vale do Rio Doce (MG), Serra de São José (MG), Bertioga (SP), Cadeia do Espinhaço (MG), and Santa Teresa (ES), respectively.

Melastomataceae not determined 1 (n=1)

Stem swelling, globoid, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 85). Galler: not determined. Locality: Ladeira do Amendoim. Date: September/2011.

Melastomataceae not determined 2 (n=1)

Bud gall, globoid, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 86). Galler: not determined. Locality: Ladeira do Amendoim. Date: June/2012.

Monimiaceae (n=1)

Moriri sp. (n=1)

Leaf gall, globoid, brown, hairy, one-chambered (Figure 87). Galler: not determined. Locality: Eubiose. Date: June/2012. Previous records: Itamonte, MG (Maia et al., in press).

Moraceae (n=5)

Brosimum sp. (n=2)

Stem swelling, brown, ovoid, glabrous, multi-chambered (Figure 88). Galler: not determined. Dwellers: Hymenoptera. Locality: Ladeira do Amendoim. Date: December/2011.

Stem swelling, globoid, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 89). Galler: not determined. Locality: Gruta do Sobradinho. Date: December/2011.

Pseudolmedia macrophylla Trécul (n=3)

Leaf gall, globoid, brown, hairy, one-chambered (Figure 90). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Other dwellers: inquilines (Thysanoptera). Locality: Gruta do Sobradinho. Date: September/2011, March/2012.

Figures 90-103.
Insect galls of São Tomé das Letras: 90-92. Leaf galls on Pseudolmedia macrophylla, 90. Brown; 91. Whitish; 92. Green; 93. Leag gall on Rapanea cf. parvifolia; 94. Stem gall on Rapanea sp.; 95. Bud gall on Aulomyrcia tomentosa var. longipes; 96. Stem swelling on Eugenia punicifolia; 97. Bud gall on Eugenia sp.; 98. Stem swelling on Myrcia splendens; 99-103. Galls on Myrcia sylvatica: 99. Leaf or bud gall; 100. Leaf roll; 101. Marginal leaf roll; 102. Stem swelling; 103. Leaf gall.

Leaf gall, globoid, whitish, hairy, one-chambered (Figure 91). Galler: not determined. Locality: Gruta do Sobradinho. Date: September/2011.

Leaf gall, globoid, green-yellowish, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 92). Galler: Hemiptera. Locality: Gruta do Sobradinho. Date: September/2011, March/2012.

Myrsinaceae (n=2)

Rapanea cf. parvifolia (A. DC.) Mez (n=1)

Leaf gall, circular, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 93). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Locality: Ladeira do Amendoim, Cachoeira da Lua, Gruta do Sobradinho. Date: December/2011, March/2012, June/2012.

Rapanea sp. (n=1)

Stem swelling, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 94). Galler: Lepidoptera. Locality: Gruta do Sobradinho. Date: September/2011.

Previous records: Maia (2001)MAIA, V.C. 2001. The gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) from three restingas of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Zool. 18(2):583-629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001000200028
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001...
, Maia & Fernandes (2004)MAIA, V.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2004. Insect galls from Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brazil). Braz. J. Biol. 64(3):1-22., Maia et al. (2008)MAIA, V.C., MAGENTA, M.A.C. & MARTINS, S.E. 2008. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas de insetos em áreas de restinga de Bertioga (São Paulo, Brasil). Biota Neotrop. 8(1):168-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008000100020
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008...
, and Maia & Oliveira (2010)MAIA, V.C. & OLIVEIRA, J.C. 2010. Galhas de insetos da Reserva Biológica Estadual da Praia do Sul (Ilha Grande, Angra dos Reis, RJ). Biota Neotrop. 10(4):227-237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032010000400028
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032010...
recorded galls on Rapanea spp. from Maricá (RJ), Serra de São José (MG), Bertioga (SP), and Ilha Grande (Angra dos Reis, RJ).

Myrtaceae (n=17)

Aulomyrcia tomentosa (Aubl.) DC. var. longipes (n=1)

Bud gall, bulbous, green, micropubescent, one-chambered (Figure 95). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Locality: Cachoeira da Lua. Date: March/2012.

Campomanesia pubescens (DC.) Berg. (n=1)

Stem gall, bulbous, reddish, glabrous, one-chambered. Galler: not determined. Locality: Vale das Borboletas. Date: December/2011, March/2012.

Eugenia biflora L. (n=1)

Stem swelling, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Locality: Ladeira do Amendoim. Date: June/2012.

Eugenia punicifolia (Kunth.) DC. (n=1)

Stem swelling, fusiform, brown, glabrous, multi-chambered (Figure 96). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Locality: Ladeira do Amendoim. Date: March/2012.

Eugenia sp. (n=1)

Bud gall apical, globoid, brown, glabrous, multi-chambered (Figure 97). Galler: not determined. Locality: Gruta do Sobradinho. Date: December/2011.

Previous records: Fernandes et al. (1988)FERNANDES, G.W., TAMEIRÃO-NETO, E. & MARTINS, R.P. 1988. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas entomógenas na vegetação do campus Pampulha da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Rev. Bras. Zool. 5(1):11-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751988000100002
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751988...
, Fernandes et al. (1997)FERNANDES, G.W., ARAÚJO, R.C., ARAÚJO, S.C., LOMBARDI, J.A., PAULA, A.S., LOYOLA JÚNIOR, R. & CORNELISSEN, T.G. 1997. Insect galls from savanna and rocky fields of the Jequitinhonha valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Naturalia 22:221-244., Fernandes et al. (2001)FERNANDES, G.W., JULIÃO, G.R., ARAÚJO, R.C., ARAÚJO, S.C., LOMBARDI, J.A., NEGREIROS, J.A., NEGREIROS, D. & CARNEIRO, M.A.A. 2001. Distribution and morphology of insect galls of the Rio Doce Valley, Brazil. Naturalia 26:211-244., Maia (2001)MAIA, V.C. 2001. The gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) from three restingas of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Zool. 18(2):583-629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001000200028
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001...
, Julião et al. (2002)JULIÃO, G.R., AMARAL, M.E.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2002. Galhas de insetos e suas plantas hospedeiras no pantanal sul mato-grossense. Naturalia 27:47-74., Maia & Fernandes (2004)MAIA, V.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2004. Insect galls from Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brazil). Braz. J. Biol. 64(3):1-22., Oliveira & Maia (2005)OLIVEIRA, J.C. & MAIA, V.C. 2005. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas de insetos na restinga de Grumari (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil). Arq. Mus. Nac. 63(4):669-675., Urso-Guimarães & Scareli-Santos (2006)URSO-GUIMARÃES, M.V. & SCARELI-SANTOS, C. 2006. Galls and gall makers in plants from the Pé-de-Gigante Cerrado Reserve, Santa Rita do Passa Quatro, SP, Brazil. Braz. J. Biol. 66(1B):357-369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842006000200018
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842006...
, Maia et al. (2008)MAIA, V.C., MAGENTA, M.A.C. & MARTINS, S.E. 2008. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas de insetos em áreas de restinga de Bertioga (São Paulo, Brasil). Biota Neotrop. 8(1):168-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008000100020
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008...
, Carneiro et al. (2009)CARNEIRO, M.A.A., BORGES, R.A.X., ARAÚJO, A.P.A. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2009. Insetos indutores de galls da porção sul da Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 53(4):570-592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009000400007
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009...
, Coelho et al. (2009)COELHO, M.S., ALMADA, E.D., FERNANDES, G.W., CARNEIRO, M.A.A., SANTOS, R.M., QUINTINO, A.V. & SANCHEZ-AZOFEIFA, A. 2009. Gall inducing arthropods from a seasonally dry tropical forest in Serra do Cipó, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 53(3):404-414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009000300015
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009...
, Maia & Oliveira (2010)MAIA, V.C. & OLIVEIRA, J.C. 2010. Galhas de insetos da Reserva Biológica Estadual da Praia do Sul (Ilha Grande, Angra dos Reis, RJ). Biota Neotrop. 10(4):227-237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032010000400028
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032010...
; Santos et al. (2011)SANTOS, J.C., ALMEIDA-CORTEZ, J.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2011. Richness of gall-inducing insects in the tropical dry forest (caatinga) of Pernambuco. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 55(1):45-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262011000100009
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262011...
, Malves & Frieiro-Costa (2012)MALVES, K. & FRIEIRO-COSTA, F.A. 2012. List of plants with galls induced by insects from the UNILAVRAS/Boqueirão Biological Reserve, Ingaí, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Checklist 8(3):426-439., Saito & Urso-Guimarães (2012)SAITO, V.S. & URSO-GUIMARÃES, M.V. 2012. Characterization of galls, insect galls and associated fauna of Ecological Station of Jataí (Luiz Antônio, SP). Biota Neotrop 12(3):01-09. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032012000300011
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032012...
, Maia & Souza (in press), Maia et al. (in press), and Maia (2012)MAIA, V. C. 2012. In press. Insect galls of Itamonte (Minas Gerais, Brazil): characterization and occurrence. Biota Netrop. recorded several galls on Eugenia spp. from Belo Horizonte (MG), Vale do Jequitinhonha (MG), Vale do Rio Doce (MG), Carapebus and Maricá (RJ), Pantanal sul mato-grossense (MS), Serra de São José (MG), Grumari (Rio de Janeiro, RJ), Santa Rita do Passa-Quatro (SP), Bertioga (SP), Cadeia do Espinhaço (MG), Serra do Cipó (MG), Ilha Grande (Angra dos Reis, RJ), Pernambuco, Ingaí (MG), Luiz Antonio (SP), Ilha do Cabo Frio (Arraial do Cabo, RJ), Santa Teresa (ES), and Itamonte (MG), respectively.

Myrcia splendens (Sw.) DC. (n=2)

Stem swelling, fusiform, brown, glabrous, multi-chambered (Figure 98). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Locality: Cachoeira da Lua. Date: December/2011. Previous records: Serra do Cipó, MG (Coelho et al. 2009COELHO, M.S., ALMADA, E.D., FERNANDES, G.W., CARNEIRO, M.A.A., SANTOS, R.M., QUINTINO, A.V. & SANCHEZ-AZOFEIFA, A. 2009. Gall inducing arthropods from a seasonally dry tropical forest in Serra do Cipó, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 53(3):404-414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009000300015
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009...
).

Bud gall, globoid, spongy, brown, glabrous, multi-chambered. Galler: not determined. Dwellers: Hymenoptera. Locality: Cachoeira da Lua. Date: December/2011.

Myrcia sylvatica (G. Mey) DC. (n=7)

Leaf or bud gall, red, rugose, glabrous (Figure 99). Galler: Thysanoptera. Localities: Ladeira do Amendoim, Cachoeira da Lua, Gruta do Sobradinho. Date: December/2011, September/2011, March/2012, June/2012.

Marginal leaf roll, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 100). Galler: Thysanoptera. Localities: Ladeira do Amendoim, Cachoeira da Lua, Gruta do Sobradinho, Harmonia, Eubiose. Date: September/2011, December/2011, March/2012, June/2012.

Leaf roll, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 101). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Localities: Cachoeira da Lua, Vale das Borboletas, Eubiose. Date: December/2011, June/2012.

Stem swelling, fusiform, brown, multi-chambered (Figure 102). Galler: not determined. Dwellers: Hymenoptera. Locality: Cachoeira da Lua, Vale das Borboletas, Gruta do Sobradinho, Harmonia, Eubiose. Date: September/2011, March/2012. June/2012.

Leaf gall, globoid, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 103). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Dwellers: Hymenoptera. Localities: Cachoeira da Lua, Harmonia, Eubiose. Date: December/2011, March/2012, June/2012.

Bud gall, conical, green-yellowish, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 104). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Locality: Vale das Borboletas. Date: September/2011, June/2012.

Figures 104-116.
Insect galls of São Tomé das Letras (MG): 104-105. Galls on Myrcia sylvatica: 104. Bud gall (conical), 105. Bud gall (horn-shaped); 106. Bud gall on Myrcia sp.; 107. Leaf gall on Myrciaria floribunda; 108. Leaf gall on Guapira sp.; 109. Rosette bud gall on Neea sp.; 110. Bud gall on Turnera sp.; 111. Leaf gall on Piper sp.; 112-113. Galls on Roupala montana var. montana: 112. Leaf gall, 113. Stem swelling; 114-115. Galls on Amaioua intermedia var. brasiliana: 114. Vein swelling, 115. Stem swelling; 116. Stem swelling on Coussarea sp.

Bud gall, horn-shaped, green, spongy, glabrous, multi-chambered (Figure 105). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Parasitoids (Hymenoptera), successors (Formicidae: adults, pupae and larvae). Localities: Cachoeira da Lua, Gruta do Sobradinho, Harmonia, Eubiose. Date: September/2011, December/2011, March/2012, June/2012.

Myrcia sp. (n=1)

Bud gall, ovoid, green, glabrous, multi-chambered (Figure 106). Galler: not determined. Locality: Vale das Borboletas. Date: December/2011.

Previous records: Fernandes et al. (1988)FERNANDES, G.W., TAMEIRÃO-NETO, E. & MARTINS, R.P. 1988. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas entomógenas na vegetação do campus Pampulha da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Rev. Bras. Zool. 5(1):11-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751988000100002
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751988...
, Fernandes et al. (1997)FERNANDES, G.W., ARAÚJO, R.C., ARAÚJO, S.C., LOMBARDI, J.A., PAULA, A.S., LOYOLA JÚNIOR, R. & CORNELISSEN, T.G. 1997. Insect galls from savanna and rocky fields of the Jequitinhonha valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Naturalia 22:221-244., Fernandes et al. (2001)FERNANDES, G.W., JULIÃO, G.R., ARAÚJO, R.C., ARAÚJO, S.C., LOMBARDI, J.A., NEGREIROS, J.A., NEGREIROS, D. & CARNEIRO, M.A.A. 2001. Distribution and morphology of insect galls of the Rio Doce Valley, Brazil. Naturalia 26:211-244., Maia (2001)MAIA, V.C. 2001. The gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) from three restingas of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Zool. 18(2):583-629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001000200028
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001...
, Maia & Fernandes (2004)MAIA, V.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2004. Insect galls from Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brazil). Braz. J. Biol. 64(3):1-22., Urso-Guimarães & Scareli-Santos (2006)URSO-GUIMARÃES, M.V. & SCARELI-SANTOS, C. 2006. Galls and gall makers in plants from the Pé-de-Gigante Cerrado Reserve, Santa Rita do Passa Quatro, SP, Brazil. Braz. J. Biol. 66(1B):357-369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842006000200018
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842006...
, Maia et al. (2008)MAIA, V.C., MAGENTA, M.A.C. & MARTINS, S.E. 2008. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas de insetos em áreas de restinga de Bertioga (São Paulo, Brasil). Biota Neotrop. 8(1):168-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008000100020
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008...
, Carneiro et al. (2009)CARNEIRO, M.A.A., BORGES, R.A.X., ARAÚJO, A.P.A. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2009. Insetos indutores de galls da porção sul da Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 53(4):570-592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009000400007
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009...
; Coelho et al. (2009)COELHO, M.S., ALMADA, E.D., FERNANDES, G.W., CARNEIRO, M.A.A., SANTOS, R.M., QUINTINO, A.V. & SANCHEZ-AZOFEIFA, A. 2009. Gall inducing arthropods from a seasonally dry tropical forest in Serra do Cipó, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 53(3):404-414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009000300015
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009...
, Santos et al. (2010)SANTOS, B.B., FERREIRA, H.D. & ARAÚJO, W.S. 2010. Ocorrência e caraterização de galhas entomógenas em uma área de floresta estacional semi-decídua em Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil. Acta bot. bras. 24(1):243-249., Malves & Frieiro-Costa (2012)MALVES, K. & FRIEIRO-COSTA, F.A. 2012. List of plants with galls induced by insects from the UNILAVRAS/Boqueirão Biological Reserve, Ingaí, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Checklist 8(3):426-439., Saito & Urso-Guimarães (2012)SAITO, V.S. & URSO-GUIMARÃES, M.V. 2012. Characterization of galls, insect galls and associated fauna of Ecological Station of Jataí (Luiz Antônio, SP). Biota Neotrop 12(3):01-09. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032012000300011
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032012...
, Maia et al. (in press), and Maia (2012)MAIA, V. C. 2012. In press. Insect galls of Itamonte (Minas Gerais, Brazil): characterization and occurrence. Biota Netrop. recorded several galls on Myrcia spp. from Belo Horizonte (MG), Vale do Jequitinhonha (MG), Vale do Rio Doce (MG), Carapebus and Maricá (RJ), Serra de São José (MG), Santa Rita do Passa-Quatro (SP), Bertioga (SP), Cadeia do Espinhaço (MG), Serra do Cipó (MG), Goiânia (GO), Ingaí (MG), Luiz Antonio (SP), Santa Teresa (ES), and Itamonte (MG), respectively.

Myrciaria floribunda (H. West ex Willd) O. Berg (n=2)

Stem swelling, fusiform, glabrous, one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Localities: Vale das Borboletas, Eubiose. Date: June/2012.

Leaf gall, conical, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 107). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Locality: Ladeira do Amendoim. Date: June/2012. Previous records: Santa Teresa, ES (Maia et al., in press).

Fernandes et al. (1997FERNANDES, G.W., ARAÚJO, R.C., ARAÚJO, S.C., LOMBARDI, J.A., PAULA, A.S., LOYOLA JÚNIOR, R. & CORNELISSEN, T.G. 1997. Insect galls from savanna and rocky fields of the Jequitinhonha valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Naturalia 22:221-244., 2001)FERNANDES, G.W., JULIÃO, G.R., ARAÚJO, R.C., ARAÚJO, S.C., LOMBARDI, J.A., NEGREIROS, J.A., NEGREIROS, D. & CARNEIRO, M.A.A. 2001. Distribution and morphology of insect galls of the Rio Doce Valley, Brazil. Naturalia 26:211-244., Maia (2001)MAIA, V.C. 2001. The gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) from three restingas of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Zool. 18(2):583-629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001000200028
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001...
, Maia & Fernandes (2004)MAIA, V.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2004. Insect galls from Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brazil). Braz. J. Biol. 64(3):1-22., Maia & Oliveira (2010)MAIA, V.C. & OLIVEIRA, J.C. 2010. Galhas de insetos da Reserva Biológica Estadual da Praia do Sul (Ilha Grande, Angra dos Reis, RJ). Biota Neotrop. 10(4):227-237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032010000400028
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032010...
, Bregonci et al. (2010)BREGONCI, J.M., POLYCARPO, P.V. & MAIA, V.C. 2010. Insect galls of the Parque Estadual Paulo César Vinha (Guarapari, ES, Brazil). Biota Neotrop. 10(1):265-274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032010000100023
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032010...
, Maia et al. (in press), and Maia (2012)MAIA, V. C. 2012. In press. Insect galls of Itamonte (Minas Gerais, Brazil): characterization and occurrence. Biota Netrop. described some galls on Myrciaria spp. from Vale do Jequitinhonha (MG), Vale do Rio Doce (MG), Carapebus and Maricá (RJ), Serra de São José (MG), Ilha Grande (Angra dos Reis, RJ), Guarapari (ES), Santa Teresa (ES), and Itamonte (MG), respectively.

Nyctaginaceae (n=3)

Guapira sp. (n=1)

Leaf gall, globoid, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 108). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Locality: Ladeira do Amendoim. Date: December/2011, March/2012.

Previous records: Galls on Guapira spp. have been described by Maia (2001)MAIA, V.C. 2001. The gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) from three restingas of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Zool. 18(2):583-629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001000200028
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001...
from Carapebus and Maricá (RJ), Oliveira & Maia (2005)OLIVEIRA, J.C. & MAIA, V.C. 2005. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas de insetos na restinga de Grumari (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil). Arq. Mus. Nac. 63(4):669-675. from Grumari (Rio de Janeiro, RJ), Maia et al. (2008)MAIA, V.C., MAGENTA, M.A.C. & MARTINS, S.E. 2008. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas de insetos em áreas de restinga de Bertioga (São Paulo, Brasil). Biota Neotrop. 8(1):168-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008000100020
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008...
from Bertioga (SP), Carneiro et al. (2009)CARNEIRO, M.A.A., BORGES, R.A.X., ARAÚJO, A.P.A. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2009. Insetos indutores de galls da porção sul da Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 53(4):570-592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009000400007
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009...
from Cadeia do Espinhaço (MG), Maia & Oliveira (2010)MAIA, V.C. & OLIVEIRA, J.C. 2010. Galhas de insetos da Reserva Biológica Estadual da Praia do Sul (Ilha Grande, Angra dos Reis, RJ). Biota Neotrop. 10(4):227-237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032010000400028
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032010...
from Ilha Grande (Angra dos Reis, RJ), Bregonci et al. (2010)BREGONCI, J.M., POLYCARPO, P.V. & MAIA, V.C. 2010. Insect galls of the Parque Estadual Paulo César Vinha (Guarapari, ES, Brazil). Biota Neotrop. 10(1):265-274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032010000100023
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032010...
from Guarapari (ES), Maia & Souza (in press) from Ilha do Cabo Frio (Arraial do Cabo, RJ), and Maia et al. (in press) from Santa Teresa (ES).

Neea sp. (n=2)

Rosette bud gall, green, glabrous (Figure 109). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Locality: Vale das Borboletas. Date: December/2011, June/2012.

Leaf gall, globoid, red, hairy, one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Locality: Vale das Borboletas. Date: December/2011.

Previous records: Julião et al. (2002)JULIÃO, G.R., AMARAL, M.E.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2002. Galhas de insetos e suas plantas hospedeiras no pantanal sul mato-grossense. Naturalia 27:47-74., and Maia (2012)MAIA, V. C. 2012. In press. Insect galls of Itamonte (Minas Gerais, Brazil): characterization and occurrence. Biota Netrop. recorded galls on Neea spp. from Pantanal sul mato-grossense (MS), and Itamonte (MG).

Passifloraceae (n=1)

Turnera sp. (n=1)

Bud gall, bursiform, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 1110). Galler: Hemiptera. Locality: Cachoeira da Lua. Date: September/2011.

Previous records: Maia (2011)MAIA, V. C. 2011. Characterization of insect galls, gall makers, and associated fauna of Platô Bacaba (Porto de Trombetas, Pará, Brazil). Biota Neotrop. 11(4):37-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032011000400003
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032011...
described a leaf gall on Turnera sp. from Porto de Trombetas (Pará).

Piperaceae (n=1)

Piper sp. (n=1)

Leaf gall, circular, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 111). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Locality: Vale das Borboletas. Date: September/2011, June/2012.

Previous records: Fernandes et al. (2001)FERNANDES, G.W., JULIÃO, G.R., ARAÚJO, R.C., ARAÚJO, S.C., LOMBARDI, J.A., NEGREIROS, J.A., NEGREIROS, D. & CARNEIRO, M.A.A. 2001. Distribution and morphology of insect galls of the Rio Doce Valley, Brazil. Naturalia 26:211-244., Maia (2001)MAIA, V.C. 2001. The gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) from three restingas of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Zool. 18(2):583-629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001000200028
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001...
, Maia & Fernandes (2004)MAIA, V.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2004. Insect galls from Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brazil). Braz. J. Biol. 64(3):1-22., Oliveira & Maia (2005)OLIVEIRA, J.C. & MAIA, V.C. 2005. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas de insetos na restinga de Grumari (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil). Arq. Mus. Nac. 63(4):669-675., Maia et al. (2008)MAIA, V.C., MAGENTA, M.A.C. & MARTINS, S.E. 2008. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas de insetos em áreas de restinga de Bertioga (São Paulo, Brasil). Biota Neotrop. 8(1):168-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008000100020
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008...
, Santos et al. (2010)SANTOS, B.B., FERREIRA, H.D. & ARAÚJO, W.S. 2010. Ocorrência e caraterização de galhas entomógenas em uma área de floresta estacional semi-decídua em Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil. Acta bot. bras. 24(1):243-249., Maia et al. (in press), and Maia (2012)MAIA, V. C. 2012. In press. Insect galls of Itamonte (Minas Gerais, Brazil): characterization and occurrence. Biota Netrop. recorded galls on Piper spp. from Vale do Rio Doce (MG), Carapebus (RJ), Serra de São José (MG), Grumari (Rio de Janeiro, RJ), Bertioga (SP), Goiânia (GO), Santa Teresa (ES), and Itamonte (MG), respectively.

Proteaceae (n=2)

Roupala montana Aubl. var. montana (n=2)

Leaf gall, circular, yellow, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 112). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Other dwellers: parasitoids (Hymenoptera). Locality: Ladeira do Amendoim. Date: September/2011, December/2011, March/2012, June/2012. Previous records: Luiz Antonio, SP (Saito & Urso-Guimarães 2012SAITO, V.S. & URSO-GUIMARÃES, M.V. 2012. Characterization of galls, insect galls and associated fauna of Ecological Station of Jataí (Luiz Antônio, SP). Biota Neotrop 12(3):01-09. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032012000300011
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032012...
).

Stem swelling, globoid, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 113). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Locality: Ladeira do Amendoim. Date: September/2011. Previous records: Luiz Antonio, SP (Saito & Urso-Guimarães 2012SAITO, V.S. & URSO-GUIMARÃES, M.V. 2012. Characterization of galls, insect galls and associated fauna of Ecological Station of Jataí (Luiz Antônio, SP). Biota Neotrop 12(3):01-09. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032012000300011
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032012...
).

Fernandes et al. (2001)FERNANDES, G.W., JULIÃO, G.R., ARAÚJO, R.C., ARAÚJO, S.C., LOMBARDI, J.A., NEGREIROS, J.A., NEGREIROS, D. & CARNEIRO, M.A.A. 2001. Distribution and morphology of insect galls of the Rio Doce Valley, Brazil. Naturalia 26:211-244., and Maia (2012)MAIA, V. C. 2012. In press. Insect galls of Itamonte (Minas Gerais, Brazil): characterization and occurrence. Biota Netrop. described some galls on Roupala spp. from Vale do Rio Doce (MG), and Itamonte (MG), respectively.

Rubiaceae (n=6)

Amaioua intermedia var. brasiliana (A. Rich. ex DC.) (n=2)

Vein swelling, fusiform, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 114). Galler: not determined. Locality: Eubiose. Date: June/2012.

Stem swelling, fusiform, brown, glabrous, multi-chambered (Figure 115). Galler: not determined. Locality: Eubiose. Date: June/2012.

Coussarea sp. (n=1)

Stem swelling, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 116). Galler: not determined. Locality: Vale das Borboletas. Date: September/2011.

Faramea sp. (n=1)

Stem swelling, globoid, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 117). Galler: not determined. Locality: Vale das Borboletas. Date: December/2011.

Figures 117-127.
Insect galls of São Tomé das Letras (MG): 117. Stem swelling on Faramea sp.; 118. Leaf gall on Palicourea rigida; 119. Bud gall on Sabicea brasiliensis; 120-121. Galls on Serjania communis: 120. Stem swelling, 121. Petiole swelling; 122. Stem swelling on Serjania meridionalis; 123. Leaf gall on Serjania sp.; 124. Leaf gall, globoid on Manilkara sp.; 125. Vein swelling on Smilax cissoides; 126. Stem swelling on Solanum lycocarpum; 127. Leaf gall on Solanum sp.

Palicourea rigida Kunth. (n=1)

Leaf gall, globoid, red, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 118). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Locality: Ladeira do Amendoim. Date: December/2011.

Previous records: Cadeia do Espinhaço (Carneiro et al. 2009CARNEIRO, M.A.A., BORGES, R.A.X., ARAÚJO, A.P.A. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2009. Insetos indutores de galls da porção sul da Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 53(4):570-592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009000400007
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009...
). Other records: Fernandes et al. (1997)FERNANDES, G.W., ARAÚJO, R.C., ARAÚJO, S.C., LOMBARDI, J.A., PAULA, A.S., LOYOLA JÚNIOR, R. & CORNELISSEN, T.G. 1997. Insect galls from savanna and rocky fields of the Jequitinhonha valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Naturalia 22:221-244. described other gall on this plant from Vale do Jequitinhonha (MG), Maia (2011)MAIA, V. C. 2011. Characterization of insect galls, gall makers, and associated fauna of Platô Bacaba (Porto de Trombetas, Pará, Brazil). Biota Neotrop. 11(4):37-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032011000400003
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032011...
, Maia et al. (in press), and Maia (2012)MAIA, V. C. 2012. In press. Insect galls of Itamonte (Minas Gerais, Brazil): characterization and occurrence. Biota Netrop. described galls on Palicourea spp. from Porto de Trombetas (Pará), Santa Teresa (ES), and Itamonte (MG), respectively.

Sabicea brasiliensis Wemham (n=1)

Bud gall, green, globoid with a short apical projection, pubescent, one-chambered (Figure 119). Galler: not determined. Locality: Cachoeira da Lua. Date: March/2012.

Sapindaceae (n=5)

Serjania communis Cambess. (n=2)

Stem swelling, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 120). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Locality: Eubiose. Date: June/2012.

Petiole swelling, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 121). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Locality: Eubiose. Date: June/2012.

Serjania glutinosa Radlk. (n=1)

Midvein swelling, fusiform, yellowish, one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Locality: Ladeira do Amendoim. Date: March/2012.

Serjania meridionalis Cambess (n=1)

Stem swelling, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 122). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Locality: Eubiose. Date: June/2012.

Serjania sp. (n=1)

Leaf gall, circular, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 123). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Locality: Vale das Borboletas. Date: March/2012.

Previous records: Fernandes et al. (1997)FERNANDES, G.W., ARAÚJO, R.C., ARAÚJO, S.C., LOMBARDI, J.A., PAULA, A.S., LOYOLA JÚNIOR, R. & CORNELISSEN, T.G. 1997. Insect galls from savanna and rocky fields of the Jequitinhonha valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Naturalia 22:221-244., Fernandes et al. (2001)FERNANDES, G.W., JULIÃO, G.R., ARAÚJO, R.C., ARAÚJO, S.C., LOMBARDI, J.A., NEGREIROS, J.A., NEGREIROS, D. & CARNEIRO, M.A.A. 2001. Distribution and morphology of insect galls of the Rio Doce Valley, Brazil. Naturalia 26:211-244., Julião et al. (2002)JULIÃO, G.R., AMARAL, M.E.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2002. Galhas de insetos e suas plantas hospedeiras no pantanal sul mato-grossense. Naturalia 27:47-74., Coelho et al. (2009)COELHO, M.S., ALMADA, E.D., FERNANDES, G.W., CARNEIRO, M.A.A., SANTOS, R.M., QUINTINO, A.V. & SANCHEZ-AZOFEIFA, A. 2009. Gall inducing arthropods from a seasonally dry tropical forest in Serra do Cipó, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 53(3):404-414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009000300015
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009...
, Santos et al. (2010SANTOS, B.B., FERREIRA, H.D. & ARAÚJO, W.S. 2010. Ocorrência e caraterização de galhas entomógenas em uma área de floresta estacional semi-decídua em Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil. Acta bot. bras. 24(1):243-249., 2011)SANTOS, J.C., ALMEIDA-CORTEZ, J.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2011. Richness of gall-inducing insects in the tropical dry forest (caatinga) of Pernambuco. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 55(1):45-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262011000100009
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262011...
, Maia et al. (in press), and Maia (2012)MAIA, V. C. 2012. In press. Insect galls of Itamonte (Minas Gerais, Brazil): characterization and occurrence. Biota Netrop. recorded several galls on Serjania spp. from Vale do Jequitinhonha (MG), Vale do Rio Doce (MG), Pantanal sul mato-grossense (MS), Serra do Cipó (MG), Goiânia (GO), Pernambuco, Santa Teresa (ES), and Itamonte (MG), respectively.

Sapotaceae (n=1)

Manilkara sp. (n=1)

Leaf gall, globoid, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 124). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Locality: Ladeira do Amendoim. Date: December/2011, March/2012.

Previous records: Galls on Manilkara spp. have been recorded by Oliveira & Maia (2005)OLIVEIRA, J.C. & MAIA, V.C. 2005. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas de insetos na restinga de Grumari (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil). Arq. Mus. Nac. 63(4):669-675. from Grumari (Rio de Janeiro, RJ), Maia & Oliveira (2010)MAIA, V.C. & OLIVEIRA, J.C. 2010. Galhas de insetos da Reserva Biológica Estadual da Praia do Sul (Ilha Grande, Angra dos Reis, RJ). Biota Neotrop. 10(4):227-237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032010000400028
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032010...
from Ilha Grande (Angra dos Reis, RJ), Bregonci et al. (2010)BREGONCI, J.M., POLYCARPO, P.V. & MAIA, V.C. 2010. Insect galls of the Parque Estadual Paulo César Vinha (Guarapari, ES, Brazil). Biota Neotrop. 10(1):265-274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032010000100023
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032010...
from Guarapari (ES), and Santos et al. (2011)SANTOS, J.C., ALMEIDA-CORTEZ, J.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2011. Richness of gall-inducing insects in the tropical dry forest (caatinga) of Pernambuco. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 55(1):45-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262011000100009
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262011...
from Pernambuco.

Siparunaceae (n=1)

Siparuna guianensis Aubl. (n=1)

Leaf gall, circular, green, glabrous, one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Locality: Vale das Borboletas. Date: September/2011.

Previous records: Santos et al. (2010)SANTOS, B.B., FERREIRA, H.D. & ARAÚJO, W.S. 2010. Ocorrência e caraterização de galhas entomógenas em uma área de floresta estacional semi-decídua em Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil. Acta bot. bras. 24(1):243-249. described this gall from Goiânia (GO), Saito & Urso-Guimarães (2012)SAITO, V.S. & URSO-GUIMARÃES, M.V. 2012. Characterization of galls, insect galls and associated fauna of Ecological Station of Jataí (Luiz Antônio, SP). Biota Neotrop 12(3):01-09. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032012000300011
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032012...
recorded other galls on this host plant from Luiz Antonio (SP), Maia (2011)MAIA, V. C. 2011. Characterization of insect galls, gall makers, and associated fauna of Platô Bacaba (Porto de Trombetas, Pará, Brazil). Biota Neotrop. 11(4):37-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032011000400003
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032011...
and Maia et al. (in press) described galls on Siparuna spp. from Porto de Trombetas (Pará), and Santa Teresa (ES), respectively.

Smilacaceae (n=1)

Smilax cissoides Mart. ex Griseb (n=1)

Vein swelling, globoid, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 125). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Locality: Gruta do Sobradinho. Date: December/2011.

Previous records: Maia (2001)MAIA, V.C. 2001. The gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) from three restingas of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Zool. 18(2):583-629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001000200028
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001...
, Julião et al. (2002)JULIÃO, G.R., AMARAL, M.E.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2002. Galhas de insetos e suas plantas hospedeiras no pantanal sul mato-grossense. Naturalia 27:47-74., Urso-Guimarães et al. (2003)URSO-GUIMARÃES, M.V., SCARELI-SANTOS, C. & BONIFÁCIO-SILVA, A.C. 2003. Occurrence and characterization of entomogen galls from natural vegetation areas in Delfinópolis, MG, Brazil. Braz. J. Biol. 63(4):705-715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842003000400018
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842003...
, Oliveira & Maia (2005)OLIVEIRA, J.C. & MAIA, V.C. 2005. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas de insetos na restinga de Grumari (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil). Arq. Mus. Nac. 63(4):669-675., Urso-Guimarães & Scareli-Santos (2006)URSO-GUIMARÃES, M.V. & SCARELI-SANTOS, C. 2006. Galls and gall makers in plants from the Pé-de-Gigante Cerrado Reserve, Santa Rita do Passa Quatro, SP, Brazil. Braz. J. Biol. 66(1B):357-369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842006000200018
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842006...
, Maia et al. (2008)MAIA, V.C., MAGENTA, M.A.C. & MARTINS, S.E. 2008. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas de insetos em áreas de restinga de Bertioga (São Paulo, Brasil). Biota Neotrop. 8(1):168-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008000100020
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008...
, Carneiro et al. (2009)CARNEIRO, M.A.A., BORGES, R.A.X., ARAÚJO, A.P.A. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2009. Insetos indutores de galls da porção sul da Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 53(4):570-592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009000400007
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009...
, Coelho et al. (2009)COELHO, M.S., ALMADA, E.D., FERNANDES, G.W., CARNEIRO, M.A.A., SANTOS, R.M., QUINTINO, A.V. & SANCHEZ-AZOFEIFA, A. 2009. Gall inducing arthropods from a seasonally dry tropical forest in Serra do Cipó, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 53(3):404-414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009000300015
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009...
, Maia & Oliveira (2010)MAIA, V.C. & OLIVEIRA, J.C. 2010. Galhas de insetos da Reserva Biológica Estadual da Praia do Sul (Ilha Grande, Angra dos Reis, RJ). Biota Neotrop. 10(4):227-237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032010000400028
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032010...
, Bregonci et al. (2010)BREGONCI, J.M., POLYCARPO, P.V. & MAIA, V.C. 2010. Insect galls of the Parque Estadual Paulo César Vinha (Guarapari, ES, Brazil). Biota Neotrop. 10(1):265-274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032010000100023
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032010...
, Malves & Frieiro-Costa (2012)MALVES, K. & FRIEIRO-COSTA, F.A. 2012. List of plants with galls induced by insects from the UNILAVRAS/Boqueirão Biological Reserve, Ingaí, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Checklist 8(3):426-439., and Maia et al. (in press) recorded leaf galls on Smilax spp. from Carapebus and Maricá (RJ), Pantanal sul mato-grossense (MS), Delfinópolis (MG), Grumari (Rio de Janeiro, RJ), Santa Rita do Passa-Quatro (SP), Bertioga (SP), Cadeia do Espinhaço (MG), Serra do Cipó (MG), Ilha Grande (Angra dos Reis, RJ), Guarapari (ES), Ingaí (MG), and Santa Teresa, respectively.

Solanaceae (n=3)

Solanum lycocarpum A. St-Hil (n=1)

Stem swelling, globoid, brown, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 126). Galler: Collabismus clitellae Boheman (Curculionidae, Coleoptera). Locality: Gruta do Sobradinho. Date: December/2011. Previous records: Ingaí, MG (Malves & Frieiro-Costa 2012MALVES, K. & FRIEIRO-COSTA, F.A. 2012. List of plants with galls induced by insects from the UNILAVRAS/Boqueirão Biological Reserve, Ingaí, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Checklist 8(3):426-439.).

Solanum sp.1 (n=1)

Leaf gall, globoid, yellowish, hairy, one-chambered (Figure 127). Galler: not determined. Dwellers: Hymenoptera. Localities: Ladeira do Amendoim, Vale das Borboletas, Cachoeira da Lua. Date: December/2011, March/2012, June/2012.

Solanum sp. 2 (n=1)

Midvein swelling, fusiform, green, glabrous, one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Locality: Cachoeira da Lua. Date: March/2012.

Previous records: Several galls on Solanum spp. have been recorded by Fernandes et al. (2001)FERNANDES, G.W., JULIÃO, G.R., ARAÚJO, R.C., ARAÚJO, S.C., LOMBARDI, J.A., NEGREIROS, J.A., NEGREIROS, D. & CARNEIRO, M.A.A. 2001. Distribution and morphology of insect galls of the Rio Doce Valley, Brazil. Naturalia 26:211-244. from Vale do Rio Doce, Maia (2001)MAIA, V.C. 2001. The gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) from three restingas of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Zool. 18(2):583-629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001000200028
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001...
from Carapebus and Maricá (RJ), Oliveira & Maia (2005)OLIVEIRA, J.C. & MAIA, V.C. 2005. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas de insetos na restinga de Grumari (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil). Arq. Mus. Nac. 63(4):669-675. from Grumari (Rio de Janeiro, RJ), Fernandes & Negreiros (2006)FERNANDES, G.W. & NEGREIROS, D. 2006. A comunidade de insetos galhadores da RPPN Fazenda Bulcão, Aimorés, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Lundiana 7(2):111-120. from Aimorés (MG), Maia et al. (2008)MAIA, V.C., MAGENTA, M.A.C. & MARTINS, S.E. 2008. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas de insetos em áreas de restinga de Bertioga (São Paulo, Brasil). Biota Neotrop. 8(1):168-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008000100020
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008...
from Bertioga (SP), Santos et al. (2011)SANTOS, J.C., ALMEIDA-CORTEZ, J.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2011. Richness of gall-inducing insects in the tropical dry forest (caatinga) of Pernambuco. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 55(1):45-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262011000100009
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262011...
from Pernambuco, Maia et al. (in press) from Santa Teresa (ES), and Maia (2012)MAIA, V. C. 2012. In press. Insect galls of Itamonte (Minas Gerais, Brazil): characterization and occurrence. Biota Netrop. from Itamonte (MG).

Sterculiaceae (n=2)

Buettneria sp. (n=1)

Leaf gall, globoid, yellowish or greenish, micropubescent, one-chambered (Figure 128). Galler: not determined. Locality: Cachoeira da Lua. Date: December/2011.

Figures 128-133.
Insect galls of São Tomé das Letras (MG): 128. Leaf gall on Buettneria sp.; 129. Stem gall on Sterculiaceae not determined; 130. Stem swelling on Lantana camara; 131. Leaf gall on cf. Salvertia convallariodora; 132-133. Galls on Vochysia cf. maxima: 132. Stem swelling, 133. Leaf gall.

Sterculiaceae not determined (n=1)

Stem gall, fusiform, brown, woody, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 129). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Dwellers: Hymenoptera. Locality: Gruta do Sobradinho. Date: September/2011.

Verbenaceae (n=2)

Lantana camara L. (n=1)

Stem swelling, fusiform, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 130). Galler: Lepidoptera. Locality: Cachoeira da Lua. Date: March/2012.

Previous records: Fernandes et al. (2001)FERNANDES, G.W., JULIÃO, G.R., ARAÚJO, R.C., ARAÚJO, S.C., LOMBARDI, J.A., NEGREIROS, J.A., NEGREIROS, D. & CARNEIRO, M.A.A. 2001. Distribution and morphology of insect galls of the Rio Doce Valley, Brazil. Naturalia 26:211-244., Maia (2001)MAIA, V.C. 2001. The gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) from three restingas of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Zool. 18(2):583-629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001000200028
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001...
, Fernandes & Negreiros (2006)FERNANDES, G.W. & NEGREIROS, D. 2006. A comunidade de insetos galhadores da RPPN Fazenda Bulcão, Aimorés, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Lundiana 7(2):111-120., Santos et al. (2011)SANTOS, J.C., ALMEIDA-CORTEZ, J.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2011. Richness of gall-inducing insects in the tropical dry forest (caatinga) of Pernambuco. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 55(1):45-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262011000100009
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262011...
, and Maia & Souza (in press) recorded other galls on this host plant from Vale do Rio Doce (MG), Maricá (RJ), Aimorés (MG), Pernmabuco, and Ilha do Cabo Frio (Arraial do Cabo, RJ), respectively.

Lantana sp. (n=1)

Stem swelling, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Galler: Lepidoptera. Locality: Gruta do Sobradinho. Date: March/2012.

Previous records: Fernandes et al. (1997)FERNANDES, G.W., ARAÚJO, R.C., ARAÚJO, S.C., LOMBARDI, J.A., PAULA, A.S., LOYOLA JÚNIOR, R. & CORNELISSEN, T.G. 1997. Insect galls from savanna and rocky fields of the Jequitinhonha valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Naturalia 22:221-244., Fernandes et al. (2001)FERNANDES, G.W., JULIÃO, G.R., ARAÚJO, R.C., ARAÚJO, S.C., LOMBARDI, J.A., NEGREIROS, J.A., NEGREIROS, D. & CARNEIRO, M.A.A. 2001. Distribution and morphology of insect galls of the Rio Doce Valley, Brazil. Naturalia 26:211-244., Maia & Fernandes (2004)MAIA, V.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2004. Insect galls from Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brazil). Braz. J. Biol. 64(3):1-22., Maia et al. (2008)MAIA, V.C., MAGENTA, M.A.C. & MARTINS, S.E. 2008. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas de insetos em áreas de restinga de Bertioga (São Paulo, Brasil). Biota Neotrop. 8(1):168-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008000100020
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008...
, Coelho et al. (2009)COELHO, M.S., ALMADA, E.D., FERNANDES, G.W., CARNEIRO, M.A.A., SANTOS, R.M., QUINTINO, A.V. & SANCHEZ-AZOFEIFA, A. 2009. Gall inducing arthropods from a seasonally dry tropical forest in Serra do Cipó, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 53(3):404-414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009000300015
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009...
, Carneiro et al. (2009)CARNEIRO, M.A.A., BORGES, R.A.X., ARAÚJO, A.P.A. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2009. Insetos indutores de galls da porção sul da Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 53(4):570-592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009000400007
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009...
, Maia & Souza (in press), and Maia et al. (in press) recorded other galls on Lantana spp. from Vale do Jequitinhonha (MG), Vale do Rio Doce (MG), Bertioga (SP), Serra de São José (MG), Serra do Cipó (MG), Cadeia do Espinhaço (MG), Ilha do Cabo Frio (Arraial do Cabo, RJ), and Santa Teresa (ES), respectively.

Vochysiaceae (n=4)

cf. Salvertia convallariodora A. St.-Hil (n=1)

Leaf gall, circular, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 131). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Locality: Ladeira do Amendoim. Date: June/2012.

Vochysia cf. maxima Ducke (n=3)

Marginal leaf roll, green, glabrous, one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Locality: Harmonia. Date: March/2012.

Stem swelling, fusiform, green, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 132). Galler: not determined. Locality: Harmonia. Date: March/2012.

Leaf gall, circular, black, glabrous, one-chambered (Figure 133). Galler: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Locality: Harmonia. Date: March/2012.

Previous records: Fernandes et al. (1997)FERNANDES, G.W., ARAÚJO, R.C., ARAÚJO, S.C., LOMBARDI, J.A., PAULA, A.S., LOYOLA JÚNIOR, R. & CORNELISSEN, T.G. 1997. Insect galls from savanna and rocky fields of the Jequitinhonha valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Naturalia 22:221-244., and Maia (2012)MAIA, V. C. 2012. In press. Insect galls of Itamonte (Minas Gerais, Brazil): characterization and occurrence. Biota Netrop. described other galls on Vochysia spp. from Vale do Jequitinhonha (MG) and Itamonte (MG), respectively.

Discussion

Several inventories of insect galls from Minas Gerais have been published (Fernandes et al. 1988FERNANDES, G.W., TAMEIRÃO-NETO, E. & MARTINS, R.P. 1988. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas entomógenas na vegetação do campus Pampulha da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Rev. Bras. Zool. 5(1):11-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751988000100002
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751988...
, Fernandes et al. 1997FERNANDES, G.W., ARAÚJO, R.C., ARAÚJO, S.C., LOMBARDI, J.A., PAULA, A.S., LOYOLA JÚNIOR, R. & CORNELISSEN, T.G. 1997. Insect galls from savanna and rocky fields of the Jequitinhonha valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Naturalia 22:221-244., Fernandes et al. 2001FERNANDES, G.W., JULIÃO, G.R., ARAÚJO, R.C., ARAÚJO, S.C., LOMBARDI, J.A., NEGREIROS, J.A., NEGREIROS, D. & CARNEIRO, M.A.A. 2001. Distribution and morphology of insect galls of the Rio Doce Valley, Brazil. Naturalia 26:211-244., Urso-Guimarães et al. 2003URSO-GUIMARÃES, M.V., SCARELI-SANTOS, C. & BONIFÁCIO-SILVA, A.C. 2003. Occurrence and characterization of entomogen galls from natural vegetation areas in Delfinópolis, MG, Brazil. Braz. J. Biol. 63(4):705-715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842003000400018
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842003...
, Maia & Fernandes 2004MAIA, V.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2004. Insect galls from Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brazil). Braz. J. Biol. 64(3):1-22., Fernandes & Negreiros 2006FERNANDES, G.W. & NEGREIROS, D. 2006. A comunidade de insetos galhadores da RPPN Fazenda Bulcão, Aimorés, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Lundiana 7(2):111-120., Carneiro et al. 2009CARNEIRO, M.A.A., BORGES, R.A.X., ARAÚJO, A.P.A. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2009. Insetos indutores de galls da porção sul da Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 53(4):570-592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009000400007
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009...
, Coelho et al. 2009COELHO, M.S., ALMADA, E.D., FERNANDES, G.W., CARNEIRO, M.A.A., SANTOS, R.M., QUINTINO, A.V. & SANCHEZ-AZOFEIFA, A. 2009. Gall inducing arthropods from a seasonally dry tropical forest in Serra do Cipó, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 53(3):404-414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009000300015
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009...
, Malves & Frieiro-Costa 2012MALVES, K. & FRIEIRO-COSTA, F.A. 2012. List of plants with galls induced by insects from the UNILAVRAS/Boqueirão Biological Reserve, Ingaí, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Checklist 8(3):426-439., Maia 2012MAIA, V. C. 2012. In press. Insect galls of Itamonte (Minas Gerais, Brazil): characterization and occurrence. Biota Netrop.). According to these inventories, the gall richness varies from 22 to 273 (Table 2), and the medium number of gall morphotypes per plant species from 1.15 to 1.96. São Tomé das Letras, with 152 gall morphotypes and a medium of 1.64 is the fourth richest investigated area of Minas Gerais.

Table 2.
Distribution of the insect gall morphotypes, number of host plant species and medium number of gall morphotypes per plant species in some localities of Minas Gerais (Brazil).

Fabaceae, Melastomataceae, Myrtaceae, and Asteraceae were the plant families with the greatest richness of galls. All of them have been already indicated in other insect gall inventories as rich taxa in number of gall morphotypes (Table 3). So, the present study corroborates the previous knowledge about super host families (Veldtman & McGeoch 2003VELDTMAN, R. & McGEOCH, M.A. 2003. Gall-forming insect species richness along a non-scleromorphic vegetation rainfall gradient in South Africa: the importance of plant community composition. Austral Ecology 28:1-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2003.01234.x
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.20...
), and the plant richness hypothesis (Fernandes 1992FERNANDES, G.W. 1992. Plant family size and age effects on insular gallforming species richness. Global Ecol. Biogeogr. 2:71-74.).

Table 3.
Distribution of the most galled host plant families per localities of Minas Gerais (Brazil).

The super host genera were Copaifera L. (Fabaceae), Myrcia DC. ex. Guill. (Myrtaceae), and Miconia Ruiz & Pav. (Melastomataceae). These three genera were already indicated in other gall inventories as super host (Campus Pampulha – Fernandes et al. (1988)FERNANDES, G.W., TAMEIRÃO-NETO, E. & MARTINS, R.P. 1988. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas entomógenas na vegetação do campus Pampulha da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Rev. Bras. Zool. 5(1):11-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751988000100002
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751988...
, Serra do Cipó – Coelho et al. (2009)COELHO, M.S., ALMADA, E.D., FERNANDES, G.W., CARNEIRO, M.A.A., SANTOS, R.M., QUINTINO, A.V. & SANCHEZ-AZOFEIFA, A. 2009. Gall inducing arthropods from a seasonally dry tropical forest in Serra do Cipó, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 53(3):404-414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009000300015
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009...
, Serra de São José – Maia & Fernandes (2004)MAIA, V.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2004. Insect galls from Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brazil). Braz. J. Biol. 64(3):1-22., and Itamonte – Maia (2012)MAIA, V. C. 2012. In press. Insect galls of Itamonte (Minas Gerais, Brazil): characterization and occurrence. Biota Netrop.). Other cited genera were Bauhinia, Baccharis, Celtis, and Serjania (Serra do Cipó – Coelho et al. (2009)COELHO, M.S., ALMADA, E.D., FERNANDES, G.W., CARNEIRO, M.A.A., SANTOS, R.M., QUINTINO, A.V. & SANCHEZ-AZOFEIFA, A. 2009. Gall inducing arthropods from a seasonally dry tropical forest in Serra do Cipó, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 53(3):404-414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009000300015
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009...
, and Espinhaço – Carneiro et al. (2009)CARNEIRO, M.A.A., BORGES, R.A.X., ARAÚJO, A.P.A. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2009. Insetos indutores de galls da porção sul da Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 53(4):570-592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009000400007
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009...
). Once more, this study corroborates the previous knowledge about super host genera.

The super host species were Copaifera langsdorfii Desf. (Fabaceae), Myrcia sylvatica (G. Mey) DC. (Myrtaceae), and Calophyllum brasiliense Cambéss (Calophyllaceae). Copaifera langsdorfii was already indicated in Campus Pampulha – Fernandes et al. (1988)FERNANDES, G.W., TAMEIRÃO-NETO, E. & MARTINS, R.P. 1988. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas entomógenas na vegetação do campus Pampulha da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Rev. Bras. Zool. 5(1):11-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751988000100002
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751988...
, and Serra de São José – Maia & Fernandes (2004)MAIA, V.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2004. Insect galls from Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brazil). Braz. J. Biol. 64(3):1-22. as super host species. Bacccharis pseudomyriocephala (Espinhaço – Carneiro et al. (2009)CARNEIRO, M.A.A., BORGES, R.A.X., ARAÚJO, A.P.A. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2009. Insetos indutores de galls da porção sul da Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 53(4):570-592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009000400007
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009...
), B. dracunculifolia (Serra do Cipó – Coelho et al. (2009)COELHO, M.S., ALMADA, E.D., FERNANDES, G.W., CARNEIRO, M.A.A., SANTOS, R.M., QUINTINO, A.V. & SANCHEZ-AZOFEIFA, A. 2009. Gall inducing arthropods from a seasonally dry tropical forest in Serra do Cipó, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 53(3):404-414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009000300015
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009...
), Celtis brasiliensis (Serra do Cipó – Coelho et al. (2009)COELHO, M.S., ALMADA, E.D., FERNANDES, G.W., CARNEIRO, M.A.A., SANTOS, R.M., QUINTINO, A.V. & SANCHEZ-AZOFEIFA, A. 2009. Gall inducing arthropods from a seasonally dry tropical forest in Serra do Cipó, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 53(3):404-414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009000300015
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009...
), and Protium heptaphyllum (Serra de São José – Maia & Fernandes (2004)MAIA, V.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2004. Insect galls from Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brazil). Braz. J. Biol. 64(3):1-22.) are other indicated super hosts. Myrcia sylvatica, and Calophyllum brasiliense are indicated for the first time.

Leaves were the most galled plant organ, followed by stems, and buds. The same results were found in all other gall inventories of Minas Gerais, excepting by Espinhaço Range, where stems were the most galled plant organ (Carneiro et al. 2009CARNEIRO, M.A.A., BORGES, R.A.X., ARAÚJO, A.P.A. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2009. Insetos indutores de galls da porção sul da Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 53(4):570-592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009000400007
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009...
). Stems were also indicated as the most galled plant organ in Vale do Rio Doce by Fernandes et al. (2001)FERNANDES, G.W., JULIÃO, G.R., ARAÚJO, R.C., ARAÚJO, S.C., LOMBARDI, J.A., NEGREIROS, J.A., NEGREIROS, D. & CARNEIRO, M.A.A. 2001. Distribution and morphology of insect galls of the Rio Doce Valley, Brazil. Naturalia 26:211-244., but this result is not corrected. The authors considered vein and petiole as other plant organs, but technically they are part of the leaf, so if the values of vein and petiole are added, the total is 58%, perpassing the stem. Leaves are the most galled plant organ throughout the world. It is a widespread pattern pointed by Felt (1940)FELT, E.P. 1940. Plant Galls and Gall Makers. Comstock Publishing Co., Ithaca, 364p. and confirmed in this study.

The inducers are represented by Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Thysanoptera, Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera. These are the insect orders which comprise galling species. Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) were the most frequent and diversified gallers. This is true for all other gall inventories of Minas Gerais, where Cecidomyiidae have been responsible for 93% to 73% of the insect galls. Cecidomyiidae is the most speciose galling taxa of the world with more than 6,000 species (Gagné 2010GAGNÉ, R.J. 2010. Update for a Catalog of the Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) of the world. http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/12754100/Gagne_2010_World_Catalog_Cecidomyiidae.pdf. (last acess on I/2013).
http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Pla...
).

Globoid and fusiform galls predominated. Similar results were found in other Brazilian inventories, such as Espinhaço Range, MG (Carneiro et al. 2009CARNEIRO, M.A.A., BORGES, R.A.X., ARAÚJO, A.P.A. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2009. Insetos indutores de galls da porção sul da Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 53(4):570-592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009000400007
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009...
), Pernambuco (Santos et al. 2001SANTOS, J.C., ALMEIDA-CORTEZ, J.S. & FERNADES, G.W, 2001. Diversity of gall-inducing insects in the high altitude wetland forests in Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil. Braz. J. Biol. 71 (1): 47-56.), Guarapari, ES (Bregonci et al. 2010BREGONCI, J.M., POLYCARPO, P.V. & MAIA, V.C. 2010. Insect galls of the Parque Estadual Paulo César Vinha (Guarapari, ES, Brazil). Biota Neotrop. 10(1):265-274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032010000100023
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032010...
), and Itamonte, MG (Maia 2012MAIA, V. C. 2012. In press. Insect galls of Itamonte (Minas Gerais, Brazil): characterization and occurrence. Biota Netrop.), suggesting that these are the most common gall shapes in Brazil.

The majority of the galls was glabrous (86.18%) and one-chambered (90.8%) as in all other Brazilian galls inventories, excepting by Delfinópolis (MG), where hairy galls are more frequent than glabrous (Urso-Guimarães et al. 2003URSO-GUIMARÃES, M.V., SCARELI-SANTOS, C. & BONIFÁCIO-SILVA, A.C. 2003. Occurrence and characterization of entomogen galls from natural vegetation areas in Delfinópolis, MG, Brazil. Braz. J. Biol. 63(4):705-715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842003000400018
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842003...
), but the difference is not significant.

The associated fauna included parasitoids (Hymenoptera), inquilines (Lepidoptera and Thysanoptera), successors (Formicidae, Hymenoptera), and predators (pseudoscorpions). The presence of parasitoids is very frequent in Brazilian surveys, being Hymenoptera the most important natural enemies of the gall midges (Maia 2001MAIA, V.C. 2001. The gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) from three restingas of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Zool. 18(2):583-629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001000200028
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001...
; Maia & Azevedo 2009MAIA, V.C. & AZEVEDO, M.A.P. 2009. Micro-himenópteros associados com galhas de Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) em Restingas do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (Brasil). Biota Neotrop. 9(2):151-164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032009000200015
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032009...
). The parasitoids frequence varies from 4% to 71% of the total of gall morphotypes (Table 4). The highest value was recorded to Pirenópolis, GO (Araujo et al. 2007), and the lowest to Porto de Trombetas (Maia 2012MAIA, V. C. 2012. In press. Insect galls of Itamonte (Minas Gerais, Brazil): characterization and occurrence. Biota Netrop.). São Tomé das Letras presented one of the lowest values. According to Fernandes & Price (1992)FERNANDES, G.W & PRICE, P. 1992. The adaptive significance of the insect gall distribution: survivorship of species in xeric and mesic habitats. Oecologia 90:14-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317803
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317803...
, parasitism is higher in mesic than in xeric habitats, because of longer maturation and hardening of the gall. This prediction is not confirmed in the present study.

Table 4.
Distribution of the frequency of parasitoids (Hymenoptera) in some Brazilian gall inventories.

Data on inquilines, successors, and predators are scarce in Brazilian gall inventories. In the present study, inquilines were rare, occurring in two gall morphotypes (1.3%), being represented by Lepidoptera and Thysanoptera. In other Brazilian inventories, the frequency varies from 0% to 24.4% (Table 5), and other insects are cited as inquilines: Diptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Psocoptera, and Thysanoptera. Comparing the results, the inquilines of São Tomé das Letras can be considered less frequent and little diversified.

Table 5.
Distribution of the frequency of inquilines in some Brazilian gall inventories.

Successors were recorded in two gall morphotypes in the present study (1.3%), being represented by ants (Hymenoptera). The frequency of successors in Brazilian surveys is very low. The highest recorded value was 7.9%, (Table 6). Successors can include Collembola, Psocoptera, and Thysanoptera also. The low frequency of successors is confirmed in this study. They are probably the less studied associated insects. In São Tomé das Letras, predators (pseudoscorpions) were recorded in a single gall morphotype (0.6%). Similarly to the successors, they are also rare. In Brazilian inventories, the highest frequency is 4% (Table 7), and they are represented by ants (Formicidae, Hymenoptera), Lestodiplosis spp. (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), Friebrigella sp. (Chloropidae: Diptera), and pseudoscorpions. This is the first record of pseudoscorpions in galls on Calophyllum brasiliense Cambéss (Calophyllaceae). They were previously recorded in galls on Myrtaceae.

Table 6.
Distribution of the frequency of successors in some Brazilian gall inventories.

Table 7.
Distribution of the frequency of predators in some Brazilian gall inventories.

The geographic distribution of six gall midges, Contarinia gemmae Maia, 2003; Dactylodiplosis heptaphylli Maia, 2004; Lopesia caulinaris Maia, 2003; Lopesia conspicua Maia, 2003; Lopesia elliptica Maia, 2003; and Lopesia linearis Maia, 2003 are widened to Minas Gerais.

Three other gall midges, Asphondylia serrata Maia, 2004, Lopesia similis Maia, 2004, and Myrciaryiamia admirabilis Maia, 2007, and one Tephritidae, Tomoplagia rudolphi (Lutz & Lima, 1918) are recorded for the first time to São Tomé das Letras. These species were already known from other localities of Minas Gerais.

Conclusions

The present study corroborates the patterns of insect galls already known from Brazil, and for the first time indicates Myrcia sylvatica, and Calophyllum brasiliense as super host plants, and records the presence of pseudoscorpion in galls on Calophyllum brasiliense.

Thanks to CNPq for financial support (Proc.300237/2010-3) and to Dr. Bernardo Mascarenhas (Museu Nacional, UFRJ), Ms. Sueli Pereira (Museu Nacional, UFRJ) and Eduardo Barros (Museu Nacional, UFRJ) for field assistance.

References

  • ARAÚJO, W.S., GOMES-KLEIN, V.L. & SANTOS, B.B. 2007. Galhas Entomógenas Associadas à Vegetação do Parque Estadual da Serra dos Pireneus, Pirenópolis, Goiás, Brasil.Revista Brasileira de Biociências 5 (supl. 1): 45-47.
  • BREGONCI, J.M., POLYCARPO, P.V. & MAIA, V.C. 2010. Insect galls of the Parque Estadual Paulo César Vinha (Guarapari, ES, Brazil). Biota Neotrop. 10(1):265-274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032010000100023
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032010000100023
  • CARNEIRO, M.A.A., BORGES, R.A.X., ARAÚJO, A.P.A. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2009. Insetos indutores de galls da porção sul da Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 53(4):570-592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009000400007
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009000400007
  • COELHO, M.S., ALMADA, E.D., FERNANDES, G.W., CARNEIRO, M.A.A., SANTOS, R.M., QUINTINO, A.V. & SANCHEZ-AZOFEIFA, A. 2009. Gall inducing arthropods from a seasonally dry tropical forest in Serra do Cipó, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 53(3):404-414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009000300015
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009000300015
  • FELT, E.P. 1940. Plant Galls and Gall Makers. Comstock Publishing Co., Ithaca, 364p.
  • FERNANDES, G.W. 1992. Plant family size and age effects on insular gallforming species richness. Global Ecol. Biogeogr. 2:71-74.
  • FERNANDES, G.W. & NEGREIROS, D. 2006. A comunidade de insetos galhadores da RPPN Fazenda Bulcão, Aimorés, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Lundiana 7(2):111-120.
  • FERNANDES, G.W & PRICE, P. 1992. The adaptive significance of the insect gall distribution: survivorship of species in xeric and mesic habitats. Oecologia 90:14-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317803
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317803
  • FERNANDES, G.W., TAMEIRÃO-NETO, E. & MARTINS, R.P. 1988. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas entomógenas na vegetação do campus Pampulha da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Rev. Bras. Zool. 5(1):11-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751988000100002
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751988000100002
  • FERNANDES, G.W., ARAÚJO, R.C., ARAÚJO, S.C., LOMBARDI, J.A., PAULA, A.S., LOYOLA JÚNIOR, R. & CORNELISSEN, T.G. 1997. Insect galls from savanna and rocky fields of the Jequitinhonha valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Naturalia 22:221-244.
  • FERNANDES, G.W., JULIÃO, G.R., ARAÚJO, R.C., ARAÚJO, S.C., LOMBARDI, J.A., NEGREIROS, J.A., NEGREIROS, D. & CARNEIRO, M.A.A. 2001. Distribution and morphology of insect galls of the Rio Doce Valley, Brazil. Naturalia 26:211-244.
  • GAGNÉ, R.J.1989. The Plant-Feeding Gall Midges of North America. Ithaca, Cornell Univ. Press, 356 p.
  • GAGNÉ, R.J.,1994. The Gall Midges of the Neotropical Region. Ithaca: University Press. xiv, 352 p., 4 pls.
  • GAGNÉ, R.J. 2010. Update for a Catalog of the Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) of the world. http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/12754100/Gagne_2010_World_Catalog_Cecidomyiidae.pdf. (last acess on I/2013).
    » http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/12754100/Gagne_2010_World_Catalog_Cecidomyiidae.pdf
  • JULIÃO, G.R., AMARAL, M.E.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2002. Galhas de insetos e suas plantas hospedeiras no pantanal sul mato-grossense. Naturalia 27:47-74.
  • MAIA, V.C. 2001. The gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) from three restingas of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Zool. 18(2):583-629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001000200028
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001000200028
  • MAIA, V. C. 2011. Characterization of insect galls, gall makers, and associated fauna of Platô Bacaba (Porto de Trombetas, Pará, Brazil). Biota Neotrop. 11(4):37-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032011000400003
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032011000400003
  • MAIA, V. C. 2012. In press. Insect galls of Itamonte (Minas Gerais, Brazil): characterization and occurrence. Biota Netrop.
  • MAIA, V.C. & AZEVEDO, M.A.P. 2009. Micro-himenópteros associados com galhas de Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) em Restingas do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (Brasil). Biota Neotrop. 9(2):151-164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032009000200015
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032009000200015
  • MAIA, V.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2004. Insect galls from Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brazil). Braz. J. Biol. 64(3):1-22.
  • MAIA, V.C. & OLIVEIRA, J.C. 2010. Galhas de insetos da Reserva Biológica Estadual da Praia do Sul (Ilha Grande, Angra dos Reis, RJ). Biota Neotrop. 10(4):227-237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032010000400028
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032010000400028
  • MAIA, V.C. & SOUZA, M.C. In press. Insect galls of the xeric vegetation of Ilha do Cabo Frio (Arraial do Cabo, RJ, Brazil):characterization and occurrence. Biota neotrop.
  • MAIA, V.C., CARDOSO, L.J.T. & BRAGA, J.M.A. In press. Insect galls from Atlantic Forest areas of Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Bol. Mus. Biol. Mello Leitão.
  • MAIA, V.C., MAGENTA, M.A.C. & MARTINS, S.E. 2008. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas de insetos em áreas de restinga de Bertioga (São Paulo, Brasil). Biota Neotrop. 8(1):168-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008000100020
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008000100020
  • MALVES, K. & FRIEIRO-COSTA, F.A. 2012. List of plants with galls induced by insects from the UNILAVRAS/Boqueirão Biological Reserve, Ingaí, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Checklist 8(3):426-439.
  • MYERS, N., MITTERMEIER, R.A., MITTERMEIER, C.G., FONSECA, G.A.B. & KET, J. 2000. Biodiversity hot-spots for conservation priorities. Nature 403:853-858. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35002501
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35002501
  • OLIVEIRA, J.C. & MAIA, V.C. 2005. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas de insetos na restinga de Grumari (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil). Arq. Mus. Nac. 63(4):669-675.
  • SAITO, V.S. & URSO-GUIMARÃES, M.V. 2012. Characterization of galls, insect galls and associated fauna of Ecological Station of Jataí (Luiz Antônio, SP). Biota Neotrop 12(3):01-09. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032012000300011
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032012000300011
  • SANTOS, J.C., ALMEIDA-CORTEZ, J.S. & FERNADES, G.W, 2001. Diversity of gall-inducing insects in the high altitude wetland forests in Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil. Braz. J. Biol. 71 (1): 47-56.
  • SANTOS, J.C., ALMEIDA-CORTEZ, J.C. & FERNANDES, G.W. 2011. Richness of gall-inducing insects in the tropical dry forest (caatinga) of Pernambuco. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 55(1):45-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262011000100009
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262011000100009
  • SANTOS, B.B., FERREIRA, H.D. & ARAÚJO, W.S. 2010. Ocorrência e caraterização de galhas entomógenas em uma área de floresta estacional semi-decídua em Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil. Acta bot. bras. 24(1):243-249.
  • SHORTHOUSE, J.D. & ROHFRITSCH, O., eds. 1992. Biology of Insect induced Galls. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • SHORTHOUSE, J.D.; WOOL, D. & RAMAN, A. 2005. Gall-inducing insects - Nature's most sophisticated herbivores. Basic and Applied Ecology 6:407-411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2005.07.001
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2005.07.001
  • STONE, G. N. & SCHÖNROGGE, K. 2003. The adaptive significance of insect gall morphology. Trends Ecology and Evolution 18: 512-522.
  • URSO-GUIMARÃES, M.V., SCARELI-SANTOS, C. & BONIFÁCIO-SILVA, A.C. 2003. Occurrence and characterization of entomogen galls from natural vegetation areas in Delfinópolis, MG, Brazil. Braz. J. Biol. 63(4):705-715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842003000400018
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842003000400018
  • URSO-GUIMARÃES, M.V. & SCARELI-SANTOS, C. 2006. Galls and gall makers in plants from the Pé-de-Gigante Cerrado Reserve, Santa Rita do Passa Quatro, SP, Brazil. Braz. J. Biol. 66(1B):357-369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842006000200018
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842006000200018
  • VELDTMAN, R. & McGEOCH, M.A. 2003. Gall-forming insect species richness along a non-scleromorphic vegetation rainfall gradient in South Africa: the importance of plant community composition. Austral Ecology 28:1-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2003.01234.x
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2003.01234.x

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    Dec 2013

History

  • Received
    5 July 2013
  • Reviewed
    22 Nov 2013
  • Accepted
    29 Nov 2013
Instituto Virtual da Biodiversidade | BIOTA - FAPESP Departamento de Biologia Vegetal - Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP CP 6109, 13083-970 - Campinas/SP, Tel.: (+55 19) 3521-6166, Fax: (+55 19) 3521-6168 - Campinas - SP - Brazil
E-mail: contato@biotaneotropica.org.br