Abstracts

Introduction

The Fasciated Tiger-heron [Tigrisoma fasciatum (Such, 1825)] is a medium-sized species of tiger-heron distributed throughout Central and South America, with scattered records across its range. It has been recorded in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, Peru and Venezuela (InfoNatura 2007INFONATURA. 2007. Tigrisoma fasciatum - Fasciated Tiger-Heron. Animals and Ecosystems of Latin America. version 5.0. Arlington, Virginia, NatureServe. http://www.natureserve.org/infonatura (último acesso em 24/06/2013).
http://www.natureserve.org/infonatura... , BirdLife 2009BIRDLIFE, I. 2009. Species factsheet: Tigrisoma fasciatum. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. version 2011.2, IUCN 2011. http://www.iucnredlist.org (último acesso em 24/06/2013).
http://www.iucnredlist.org... ). Although currently listed by the IUCN as Least Concern, it is considered a naturally rare species (Eisenmann 1965EISENMANN, E. 1965. The tiger-herons (Tigrisoma) of Argentina. Hornero 10(3):225-234., Yamashita & Valle 1990YAMASHITA, C. & VALLE, M.P. 1990. Ocorrência de duas aves raras no Brasil Central: Mergus octosetaceus e Tigrisoma fasciatum fasciatum. Ararajuba 1:107-109., Renaudier & de Guyane 2010RENAUDIER, A. & DE GUYANE, C.H. 2010. Rare birds in French Guiana in 2005–07. Cotinga 32(2010):95-104. http://www.neotropicalbirdclub.org/articles/32/Renaudier.pdf
http://www.neotropicalbirdclub.org/artic... , Vallely et al. 2010VALLELY, A.C., GALLARDO, R.J. & ASCHER, J.S. 2010. Notes on the birds of the Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve, including four new species for Honduras. Bull. Br. Ornithol. Club. 130(1):52-60.) and is classified in the high research priority category (Parker III et al. 1996PARKER III, T.A., STOTZ, D.F. & FITZPATRICK, J.W. 1996. Ecological and distributional databases. In Neotropical birds: ecology and conservation (D.F. Stotz, J.W. Fitzpatrick, T.A. Parker & D.K. Moskovits, eds.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago.). The current population trend is not known, but it is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds for classification as endangered under the population trend criterion (>30% decline over 10 years or three generations) (BirdLife 2009BIRDLIFE, I. 2009. Species factsheet: Tigrisoma fasciatum. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. version 2011.2, IUCN 2011. http://www.iucnredlist.org (último acesso em 24/06/2013).
http://www.iucnredlist.org... ). However, this species is listed as endangered in Brazil (Straube et al. 2008STRAUBE, F.C., OLMOS, F. & CARRANO, E. 2008. Tigrisoma fasciatum. In Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção. Volume II. (A.B.M. Machado, G.M. Drummond & A.P. Paglia, eds.). Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Brasília, p.418-420.) and in Argentina (Fraga 1996FRAGA, R.M. 1996. Séccion III: Aves. In Libro rojo de mamíferos y aves amenazados de la Argentina (J.J. García Fernandez, R.A. Ojeda, R.M. Fraga, G.B. Díaz & R.J. Baigún, eds.). Fundación para la Conservación de las Especies y el Medio Ambiente, Buenos Aires, p.155-219., López-Lanús et al. 2008LÓPEZ-LANÚS, B., GRILLI, P., COCONIER, E., DI GIACOMO, A. & BANCHS, R. 2008. Categorización de las aves de la Argentina según su estado de conservación. Informe de Aves Argentinas, AOP y Secretaría de Ambiente y Desarollo Sustentable. http://www.avesargentinas.org.ar/12/conservacion/Categorizacion%20de%20las%20Aves%20de%20la%20Argentina%202008.pdf (último acesso em 20/06/2013).
http://www.avesargentinas.org.ar/12/cons... ).

Current Brazilian red-lists consider T. fasciatum as critically endangered in two southeastern states (Andrade 1998ANDRADE, M.A. 1998. Tigrisoma fasciatum (Such, 1825). In Livro Vermelho das Espécies Ameaçadas de Extinção da Fauna de Minas Gerais (A.B.M. Machado, G.A.B. Fonseca, R.B. Machado, L.M.S. Aguiar & L.V. Lins, eds.). Fundação Biodiversitas, Belo Horizonte, p.193-194., Straube et al. 2008STRAUBE, F.C., OLMOS, F. & CARRANO, E. 2008. Tigrisoma fasciatum. In Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção. Volume II. (A.B.M. Machado, G.M. Drummond & A.P. Paglia, eds.). Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Brasília, p.418-420.). Straube et al. (2008)STRAUBE, F.C., OLMOS, F. & CARRANO, E. 2008. Tigrisoma fasciatum. In Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção. Volume II. (A.B.M. Machado, G.M. Drummond & A.P. Paglia, eds.). Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Brasília, p.418-420. observe that the distribution of T. fasciatum is poorly documented in Brazil, but locations of this species have been recorded in the Amazon, Atlantic Forest, Cerrado and Pantanal biomes. However, over the past five years new, freely available records have been documented online [see Wikiaves (2013)WIKIAVES. 2013. Mapa de registros da espécie socó-boi-escuro (Tigrisoma fasciatum). http://www.wikiaves.com.br/mapaRegistros_soco-boi-escuro (último acesso em 28/06/2013).
http://www.wikiaves.com.br/mapaRegistros... ], through the development and popularization of web based data-sharing tools, such as the Wikiaves site (http://www.wikiaves.com/). Yet, these records have not been considered in previous distribution range maps [see databases of InfoNatura (2007)INFONATURA. 2007. Tigrisoma fasciatum - Fasciated Tiger-Heron. Animals and Ecosystems of Latin America. version 5.0. Arlington, Virginia, NatureServe. http://www.natureserve.org/infonatura (último acesso em 24/06/2013).
http://www.natureserve.org/infonatura... and BirdLife (2009)BIRDLIFE, I. 2009. Species factsheet: Tigrisoma fasciatum. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. version 2011.2, IUCN 2011. http://www.iucnredlist.org (último acesso em 24/06/2013).
http://www.iucnredlist.org... ] or in more recent studies of this species (Pivatto et al. 2006PIVATTO, M.A.C., MANÇO, D.G., STRAUBE, F.C., URBEN-FILHO, A. & MILANO, M. 2006. Aves do Planalto da Bodoquena, Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul (Brasil). Atual. Ornitol. 129:1-26., Faria 2008FARIA, I.P. 2008. Duas novas ocorrências do socó-boi-escuro Tigrisoma fasciatum (Such, 1825) (Aves: Ardeidae) no Estado de Goiás, Brasil. Rev. Bras. Ornitol. 16(4):391-394., Straube et al. 2008STRAUBE, F.C., OLMOS, F. & CARRANO, E. 2008. Tigrisoma fasciatum. In Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção. Volume II. (A.B.M. Machado, G.M. Drummond & A.P. Paglia, eds.). Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Brasília, p.418-420.). However, these online resources provide a rich source of information that should be used in order to better understand the distributional range of bird species.

The most recent record of the Fasciated Tiger-heron in Brazil was from the state of Rio de Janeiro, municipality of Angra dos Reis (Blanco 2013BLANCO, D.E. 2013. WA945278, Tigrisoma fasciatum (Such, 1825). Wiki Aves - A Enciclopédia das Aves do Brasil. http://www.wikiaves.com/945278 (último acesso em 28/06/2013).
http://www.wikiaves.com/945278... ). The species has also been recently recorded in the Anavilhanas Archipelago in the state of Amazonas (Cintra 2012CINTRA, R. 2012. Ecological gradients influencing waterbird communities in black water lakes in the Anavilhanas Archipelago, Central Amazonia. Int. J. Ecol. 2012(1):1-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/801683
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/801683... ), contributing to the few records of T. fasciatum in the Amazonian region. Thus, our objective in this study is to present a new record of T. fasciatum, which extends the distribution of this poorly known species within the Amazon forest, and to provide a comprehensive review of the current geographic distribution of the species. We also highlight the importance of further studies and conservation efforts in order to better understand the species distribution and ecology.

Material and Methods

Field data presented here is a subset obtained from surveys along the Araguari and Falsino rivers, which surround the Amapá National Forest (“Floresta Nacional do Amapá”, hereafter FLONA-AP), a sustainable-use protected area of 412,000 ha located in northern Amazonia (0°55′29″ N, 51°35′45″ W) (Figure 1). FLONA-AP is adjacent to continuous undisturbed forests and it is subject to low levels of anthropogenic disturbance (e.g. subsistence hunting) due to the small number of families living on the reserve border (Michalski et al. 2012MICHALSKI, F., CONCEIÇÃO, P.C.F., AMADOR, J.A., LAUFER, J. & NORRIS, D. 2012. Local perceptions and implications for giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) conservation around protected areas in the eastern Brazilian Amazon. IUCN Otter Spec. Group. Bull. 29:34-45.), maintaining the full community of medium and large sized vertebrates.

From November 2011 to November 2012 we conducted surveys of mid to large sized vertebrates (IBAMA/SISBIO permit number 26653-1) along waterways (Araguari and Falsino rivers) in a motorized boat using a standardized boat census protocol (Pitman et al. 2011PITMAN, N.C.A., NORRIS, D., GONZALEZ, J.M., TORRES, E., PINTO, F., COLLADO, H., CONCHA, W., THUPA, R., QUISPE, E., PÉREZ, J. & DEL CASTILLO, J.C.F. 2011. Four years of vertebrate monitoring on an upper Amazonian river. Biodivers. Conserv. 20:827-849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-010-9982-y
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-010-998... ). To optimize detections, the boat was piloted along the center of the rivers at a slow speed (mean velocity ± SD = 10.3 ± 3.5 km/h, range = 2-18). Three to five observers searched for vertebrates on the border of the river, along the adjacent forest canopy, with binoculars. All censuses took place in rainless weather during the morning (08:00-11:59) and afternoon (13:00-18:00), totalizing nine hours per day.

We reviewed the current distribution range of T. fasciatum by conducting a literature review and using existing compilations (InfoNatura 2007INFONATURA. 2007. Tigrisoma fasciatum - Fasciated Tiger-Heron. Animals and Ecosystems of Latin America. version 5.0. Arlington, Virginia, NatureServe. http://www.natureserve.org/infonatura (último acesso em 24/06/2013).
http://www.natureserve.org/infonatura... , Ridgely et al. 2007RIDGELY, R.S., ALLNUTT, T.F., BROOKS, T., McNICOL, D.K., MEHLMAN, D.W., YOUNG, B.E. & ZOOK, J.R. 2007. Digital Distribution Maps of the Birds of the Western Hemisphere. Version 3.0. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia, USA. www.natureserve.org/getData/birdMaps.jsp (último acesso em 24/06/2013).
www.natureserve.org/getData/birdMaps.jsp... ). We conducted two types of searches (on 20^th May 2013) using a combination of the terms ‘Fasciated Tiger-heron’ and ‘Tigrisoma fasciatum’ as follows: 1) a literature search in the ISI Web of Knowledge, Scopus, Searchable Ornithological Research Archive and Google Scholar; and 2) a search of photographic records of the species in Google, the Internet Bird Collection (http://ibc.lynxeds.com/), Wikiaves (http://www.wikiaves.com/) and the Visual Resources for Ornithology (http://vireo.ansp.org/). From the total results returned in the searches, we used the following criteria to select the records considered in this study: 1) in order to exclude historical data that could possibly not describe the current distribution range of this species, we only used documents published from 1990 to 2013; 2) we only considered documents that reported an observation of T. fasciatum made in the study, excluding documents without a record per se (e.g. documents that mentioned the species, but did not report an observation); and 3) when the document reported a record of T. fasciatum, we only considered it if the location of the record fell outside of the area of the distribution range maps provided by InfoNatura (2007)INFONATURA. 2007. Tigrisoma fasciatum - Fasciated Tiger-Heron. Animals and Ecosystems of Latin America. version 5.0. Arlington, Virginia, NatureServe. http://www.natureserve.org/infonatura (último acesso em 24/06/2013).
http://www.natureserve.org/infonatura... and Ridgely et al. (2007)RIDGELY, R.S., ALLNUTT, T.F., BROOKS, T., McNICOL, D.K., MEHLMAN, D.W., YOUNG, B.E. & ZOOK, J.R. 2007. Digital Distribution Maps of the Birds of the Western Hemisphere. Version 3.0. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia, USA. www.natureserve.org/getData/birdMaps.jsp (último acesso em 24/06/2013).
www.natureserve.org/getData/birdMaps.jsp... . Therefore, we only included localities not considered by InfoNatura (2007)INFONATURA. 2007. Tigrisoma fasciatum - Fasciated Tiger-Heron. Animals and Ecosystems of Latin America. version 5.0. Arlington, Virginia, NatureServe. http://www.natureserve.org/infonatura (último acesso em 24/06/2013).
http://www.natureserve.org/infonatura... and Ridgely et al. (2007)RIDGELY, R.S., ALLNUTT, T.F., BROOKS, T., McNICOL, D.K., MEHLMAN, D.W., YOUNG, B.E. & ZOOK, J.R. 2007. Digital Distribution Maps of the Birds of the Western Hemisphere. Version 3.0. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia, USA. www.natureserve.org/getData/birdMaps.jsp (último acesso em 24/06/2013).
www.natureserve.org/getData/birdMaps.jsp... in the present distribution range map.

When the document failed to provide geographic coordinates for the record of the species, we used Google Earth (GE) to obtain the most approximate coordinates supported by maps of the study area and key landmarks such as rivers, roads, villages, towns, and other visual features that could be clearly distinguished by GE images.

Results and Discussion

Surveys resulted in a total of 3,796.2 km (368.6 hours), including 2,128.9 km (206.7 hours) along the Araguari River, and 1,667.3 km (161.9 hours) along the Falsino River. On 29 April 2012, at 12 h 48 min (Coordinated Universal Time - UTC-3), we photographed a solitary adult T. fasciatum resting on a rock on the margins of the Araguari River (1°00′15″ N, 51°49′30″ W, Figure 2). The individual was an adult, identified by the rufous lower belly and vent, darker plumage pattern (Perlo 2009PERLO, B. 2009. A field guide to the birds of Brazil. Oxford University Press, New York.), and a relatively short and rather arched culmen (Eisenmann 1965EISENMANN, E. 1965. The tiger-herons (Tigrisoma) of Argentina. Hornero 10(3):225-234., Martínez-Vilalta & Motis 1992MARTÍNEZ-VILALTA, F. & MOTIS, A. 1992. Family Ardeidae (herons). In Handbook of the birds of the world (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott & J. Sargatal, eds.). Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, p.376-429.). As the boat approached the individual, it flew along the river, and perched on a tree branch (Figure 2). Our new record extended the distribution range of the species by 499 km east-south-east from the nearest documented location in French Guiana (Renaudier & de Guyane 2010RENAUDIER, A. & DE GUYANE, C.H. 2010. Rare birds in French Guiana in 2005–07. Cotinga 32(2010):95-104. http://www.neotropicalbirdclub.org/articles/32/Renaudier.pdf
http://www.neotropicalbirdclub.org/artic... ), providing the first documented record of T. fasciatum in the state of Amapá, Brazil (Figure 1).

The literature search returned a total of 61 results, but we considered only the 36 documents, among reports and scientific papers that met our search criteria. From these sources a total of 25 records of T. fasciatum (Table 1) were added to the present distribution range map (Figure 1).

Although not included in any contemporary distribution map (InfoNatura 2007INFONATURA. 2007. Tigrisoma fasciatum - Fasciated Tiger-Heron. Animals and Ecosystems of Latin America. version 5.0. Arlington, Virginia, NatureServe. http://www.natureserve.org/infonatura (último acesso em 24/06/2013).
http://www.natureserve.org/infonatura... , BirdLife 2009BIRDLIFE, I. 2009. Species factsheet: Tigrisoma fasciatum. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. version 2011.2, IUCN 2011. http://www.iucnredlist.org (último acesso em 24/06/2013).
http://www.iucnredlist.org... , Perlo 2009PERLO, B. 2009. A field guide to the birds of Brazil. Oxford University Press, New York.), the species has also been recently documented in Suriname (Ottema 2002OTTEMA, O. 2002. A possible population of Fasciated Tiger-heron Tigrisoma fasciatum on the upper Coppename, Surinam. Cotinga 18:103., Ribot 2013RIBOT, J.H. 2013. Checklist of birds of Suriname, South America. http://www.surinamebirds.nl (último acesso em 24/06/2013).
http://www.surinamebirds.nl... ), Guyana (Barnett et al. 2002BARNETT, A., SHAPLEY, R., BENJAMIN, P., HENRY, E. & McGARRELL, M. 2002. Birds of the Potaro Plateau, with eight new species for Guyana. Cotinga 18(2002):19-36., Mistry et al. 2008MISTRY, J., BERARDI, A. & SIMPSON, M. 2008. Birds as indicators of wetland status and change in the North Rupununi, Guyana. Biodivers. Conserv. 17:2383-2409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-008-9388-2
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-008-938... ), French Guiana (Renaudier et al. 2010RENAUDIER, A., CLAESSENS, O. & DE GUYANE, C.H. 2010. Les oiseaux rares en Guyane en 2008 & 2009. In Rapport du Comité d'homologation de Guyane, p.8., Renaudier & de Guyane 2010RENAUDIER, A. & DE GUYANE, C.H. 2010. Rare birds in French Guiana in 2005–07. Cotinga 32(2010):95-104. http://www.neotropicalbirdclub.org/articles/32/Renaudier.pdf
http://www.neotropicalbirdclub.org/artic... ), Honduras (Vallely et al. 2010VALLELY, A.C., GALLARDO, R.J. & ASCHER, J.S. 2010. Notes on the birds of the Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve, including four new species for Honduras. Bull. Br. Ornithol. Club. 130(1):52-60.), as well as in new localities in Brazil and Peru (Pivatto et al. 2006PIVATTO, M.A.C., MANÇO, D.G., STRAUBE, F.C., URBEN-FILHO, A. & MILANO, M. 2006. Aves do Planalto da Bodoquena, Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul (Brasil). Atual. Ornitol. 129:1-26., Pratolongo et al. 2007PRATOLONGO, F.A., TELLO, J.G. & BARRIO, J. 2007. First records of Fasciated Tiger Heron Tigrisoma fasciatum in the west Peruvian Andes. Cotinga 29:173-175. http://www.corbidi.org/Investigacion/Publicaciones/Angulo_EtAl_2008_FirstRecords.pdf
http://www.corbidi.org/Investigacion/Pub... , Becker 2008BECKER, R. 2008. WA125881, Tigrisoma fasciatum (Such, 1825). Wiki Aves - A Enciclopédia das Aves do Brasil. http://www.wikiaves.com/125881 (último acesso em 28/06/2013).
http://www.wikiaves.com/125881... , Faria 2008FARIA, I.P. 2008. Duas novas ocorrências do socó-boi-escuro Tigrisoma fasciatum (Such, 1825) (Aves: Ardeidae) no Estado de Goiás, Brasil. Rev. Bras. Ornitol. 16(4):391-394., Menegheti 2008MENEGHETI, J.O. 2008. Brasil: informe anual. Censo Neotropical de Aves Acuáticas 2007. In El Censo Neotropical de Aves Acuáticas 2007; Una herramienta para la conservación (D.A. Unterkofler & D.E. Blanco, eds.). Wetlands International, Buenos Aires., Blásquez et al. 2009BLÁSQUEZ, J.R.E., COSTA-NETO, E.M. & LANDERO-TORRES, I. 2009. Comparación de especies de abejas comestibles en la Sierra de Jibóia, (Bahia, Brasil) y Sierra de Zongolica (Veracruz, México). Rev. Colomb. Entomol. 35(2):217-223. http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/rcen/v35n2/v35n2a18.pdf.
http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/rcen/v35n2/... , Paiva 2009PAIVA, D.L. 2009. WA893215, Tigrisoma fasciatum (Such, 1825). Wiki Aves - A Enciclopédia das Aves do Brasil. http://www.wikiaves.com/893215 (último acesso em 28/06/2013).
http://www.wikiaves.com/893215... , Garcia 2010GARCIA, A.L. 2010. WA263696, Tigrisoma fasciatum (Such, 1825). Wiki Aves - A Enciclopédia das Aves do Brasil. http://www.wikiaves.com/263696 (último acesso em 28/06/2013).
http://www.wikiaves.com/263696... , Lane 2010LANE, D. 2010. Tigrisoma fasciatum. Neotropical Birds. http://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/portal/species/overview?p_p_spp=111836 (último acesso em 28/06/2013).
http://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/por... , Cavaretto 2011CAVARETTO, R.C. 2011. WA506980, Tigrisoma fasciatum (Such, 1825). Wiki Aves - A Enciclopédia das Aves do Brasil. http://www.wikiaves.com/506980 (último acesso em 28/06/2013).
http://www.wikiaves.com/506980... , Reijnders 2011REIJNDERS, C. 2011. Herons (Ardeidae): Fasciated Tiger-heron (Tigrisoma fasciatum). http://ibc.lynxeds.com/node/121159 (último acesso em 28/06/2013).
http://ibc.lynxeds.com/node/121159... , Cintra 2012CINTRA, R. 2012. Ecological gradients influencing waterbird communities in black water lakes in the Anavilhanas Archipelago, Central Amazonia. Int. J. Ecol. 2012(1):1-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/801683
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/801683... , López 2012LÓPEZ, C. 2012. Herons (Ardeidae): Fasciated Tiger-heron (Tigrisoma fasciatum). http://ibc.lynxeds.com/photo/fasciated-tiger-heron-tigrisoma-fasciatum/adult-perched-tree-upright-posture (último acesso em 28/06/2013).
http://ibc.lynxeds.com/photo/fasciated-t... , Blanco 2013BLANCO, D.E. 2013. WA945278, Tigrisoma fasciatum (Such, 1825). Wiki Aves - A Enciclopédia das Aves do Brasil. http://www.wikiaves.com/945278 (último acesso em 28/06/2013).
http://www.wikiaves.com/945278... ). These records occurred in regions that share some habitat characteristics, such as the proximity to waterbodies (rivers and tributaries), and a hilly topography or an elevational gradient. The reported habitat type along the rivers where T. fasciatum has been documented included a variety of native vegetation types such as savanna, tropical lowland forest and wetland vegetation types (Yamashita & Valle 1990YAMASHITA, C. & VALLE, M.P. 1990. Ocorrência de duas aves raras no Brasil Central: Mergus octosetaceus e Tigrisoma fasciatum fasciatum. Ararajuba 1:107-109., Pivatto et al. 2006PIVATTO, M.A.C., MANÇO, D.G., STRAUBE, F.C., URBEN-FILHO, A. & MILANO, M. 2006. Aves do Planalto da Bodoquena, Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul (Brasil). Atual. Ornitol. 129:1-26., Mistry et al. 2008MISTRY, J., BERARDI, A. & SIMPSON, M. 2008. Birds as indicators of wetland status and change in the North Rupununi, Guyana. Biodivers. Conserv. 17:2383-2409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-008-9388-2
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-008-938... ), mangrove forests (Estela & López-Victoria 2005ESTELA, F.A. & LÓPEZ-VICTORIA, M. 2005. Aves de la parte baja del Río Sinú, Caribe colombiano; inventario y ampliaciones de distribución. Bol. Invest. Mar. Cost. 34:7-42. http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?pid=S0122-97612005000100001&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en.
http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?pid=... ) and montane and premontane moist forests (Eisenmann 1965EISENMANN, E. 1965. The tiger-herons (Tigrisoma) of Argentina. Hornero 10(3):225-234., Becker & Lanús 1997BECKER, C.D. & LANÚS, B.L. 1997. Conservation value of a Garua forest in the dry season: a bird survey in Reserva Ecológica de Loma Alta, Ecuador. Cotinga 8:66-74. http://www.neotropicalbirdclub.org/articles/8/C8-garua.pdf
http://www.neotropicalbirdclub.org/artic... ).

The new locality of our field record supports Eisenmann's (1965)EISENMANN, E. 1965. The tiger-herons (Tigrisoma) of Argentina. Hornero 10(3):225-234. first notes on the species habitat characteristics, which highlights that T. fasciatum is thought to have relatively specific habitat requirements preferring riparian areas with waterfalls and rocky outcrops in fast-flowing waters with dense forests along the margins (Eisenmann 1965EISENMANN, E. 1965. The tiger-herons (Tigrisoma) of Argentina. Hornero 10(3):225-234., Sick 1997SICK, H. 1997. Ornitologia brasileira. Editora Nova Fronteira, Rio de Janeiro., Straube et al. 2008STRAUBE, F.C., OLMOS, F. & CARRANO, E. 2008. Tigrisoma fasciatum. In Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção. Volume II. (A.B.M. Machado, G.M. Drummond & A.P. Paglia, eds.). Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Brasília, p.418-420.). This type of habitat is discontinuous and scarce (Yamashita & Valle 1990YAMASHITA, C. & VALLE, M.P. 1990. Ocorrência de duas aves raras no Brasil Central: Mergus octosetaceus e Tigrisoma fasciatum fasciatum. Ararajuba 1:107-109.) and habitat loss caused by deforestation, construction of hydroelectric dams, and pollution of rivers are thought to be the main threats to the species (Yamashita & Valle 1990YAMASHITA, C. & VALLE, M.P. 1990. Ocorrência de duas aves raras no Brasil Central: Mergus octosetaceus e Tigrisoma fasciatum fasciatum. Ararajuba 1:107-109., Straube et al. 2008STRAUBE, F.C., OLMOS, F. & CARRANO, E. 2008. Tigrisoma fasciatum. In Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção. Volume II. (A.B.M. Machado, G.M. Drummond & A.P. Paglia, eds.). Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Brasília, p.418-420.).

For over two decades the scientific literature has highlighted that the main threat to T. fasciatum is the construction of hydroelectric dams as opposed to deforestation (Yamashita & Valle 1990YAMASHITA, C. & VALLE, M.P. 1990. Ocorrência de duas aves raras no Brasil Central: Mergus octosetaceus e Tigrisoma fasciatum fasciatum. Ararajuba 1:107-109.). Our record representing a major range extension highlights how the Amazon region remains poorly studied even for large easy-to-detect vertebrates. Additionally, our finding highlights the urgent need for future research to provide the basic biological and ecological knowledge of this species necessary to evaluate impacts of anthropogenic actions such as the planned increase in the number of hydroelectric dams (Soito & Freitas 2011SOITO, J.L.D. & FREITAS, M.A.V. 2011. Amazon and the expansion of hydropower in Brazil: Vulnerability, impacts and possibilities for adaptation to global climate change. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 15(6):3165-3177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.04.006
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.04... ).

The scarcity of T. fasciatum records in Brazil and throughout its geographic range can be attributed to a number of factors, including its secretive habit, aversion to human encounters and perturbations, and restriction to riparian areas (Sick 1997SICK, H. 1997. Ornitologia brasileira. Editora Nova Fronteira, Rio de Janeiro., Straube et al. 2008STRAUBE, F.C., OLMOS, F. & CARRANO, E. 2008. Tigrisoma fasciatum. In Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção. Volume II. (A.B.M. Machado, G.M. Drummond & A.P. Paglia, eds.). Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Brasília, p.418-420.). Our new record obtained in the field is a good case in point. Although more than 70% of the state of Amapá is covered by areas with some form of legal protection (Conservação... 2009), the species had never been recorded by any previous study in the state (Coltro 2006COLTRO, L.A. 2006. A avifauna da Floresta Nacional do Amapá registrada através de Inventários Biológicos Rápidos - expedição II e síntese do conhecimento para a unidade. In Inventários Biológicos Rápidos da Floresta Nacional do Amapá. IEPA, Macapá, p.42-56., 2008COLTRO, L.A. 2008. A avifauna do Parque Nacional Montanhas do Tumucumaque registrada durante o Projeto de Inventários Biológicos Rápidos. In RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment (E. Bernard, eds.). Conservation International, Arlington, p.33-37., Souza et al. 2008SOUZA, E.A.D., NUNES, M.F.C., ROOS, A.L. & ARAUJO, H.F.P.D. 2008. Guia de campo: Aves do Parque Nacional do Cabo Orange. ICMBio/Cemave, Amapá., Aguiar et al. 2010AGUIAR, K.M.O., NAIFF, R. & XAVIER, B. 2010. Aves da Reserva Biológica do Lago Piratuba, Amapá, Brasil. Ornithologia 4(1):1-14. http://www.cemave.net/publicacoes/index.php/ornithologia/article/view/47
http://www.cemave.net/publicacoes/index.... , Aguiar & Naiff 2010AGUIAR, K.M.O. & NAIFF, R.H. 2010. Composição da avifauna da Área de Proteção Ambiental do Rio Curiaú, Macapá, Amapá, Brasil. Ornithologia 4(1):36-48. http://cemave.net/ornithologia/index.php/ornithologia/article/view/49.
http://cemave.net/ornithologia/index.php... , Boss & Aguiar 2011BOSS, R.L. & AGUIAR, K.M.O. 2011. Caracterização preliminar da avifauna em um trecho do rio Amapari, Serra do Navio, Amapá, Brasil. Ornithologia 4(2):110-125. http://cemave.net/ornithologia/index.php/ornithologia/article/view/95.
http://cemave.net/ornithologia/index.php... ). Another important case to be highlighted is the recent record in the state of Rio de Janeiro (Blanco 2013BLANCO, D.E. 2013. WA945278, Tigrisoma fasciatum (Such, 1825). Wiki Aves - A Enciclopédia das Aves do Brasil. http://www.wikiaves.com/945278 (último acesso em 28/06/2013).
http://www.wikiaves.com/945278... ). The region is considered as the type locality of the species (Pacheco & Whitney 1997PACHECO, J.F. & WHITNEY, B.M. 1997. On the Origin of Some Birds Collected by George Such, and the Type Localities of Several Forms. The Auk 114(2):303-305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4089175
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4089175... ) where T. fasciatum had previously been deemed as probably extinct (Alves et al. 2000ALVES, M.A.S., PACHECO, J.F., GONZAGA, L.A.P., CAVALCANTI, R.B., RAPOSO, M.A., YAMASHITA, C., MACIEL, N.C. & CASTANHEIRA, M. 2000. Aves. In A Fauna Ameaçada de Extinção do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (H.G. Bergallo, C.F.D. Rocha, M.A.S. Alves & M. Van Sluys, eds.). Editora UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, p.113-124.).

The specific habitat requirements of bird species such as T. fasciatum highlight the importance of riparian areas for the conservation of this and other riparian bird species. Therefore, this species is potentially threatened by the recently approved legislative reform to the Brazilian Forest Code (Código Florestal - Stickler et al. 2013STICKLER, C.M., NEPSTAD, D.C., AZEVEDO, A.A. & McGRATH, D.G. 2013. Defending public interests in private lands: compliance, costs and potential environmental consequences of the Brazilian Forest Code in Mato Grosso. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 368:1-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0160
http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0160... ), which authorized the reduction of the legally preserved strip width of riparian forests (Michalski et al. 2010MICHALSKI, F., NORRIS, D. & PERES, C.A. 2010. No return from biodiversity loss. Science 329(1):1282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.329.5997.1282-a
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.329.59... ). Thus, it is imperative to increase the scale and scope of research programs studying the distribution and ecology of T. fasciatum and other members of the Neotropical avifauna.

This research was supported by Conservation International–Brazil, the Walmart Institute–Brazil through the project “Support to the implementation of the National Forest of Amapá” and the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio). The Federal University of Amapá (UNIFAP) provided logistical support. LNK and CMT were funded by a Brazilian Ministry of Education (CAPES) MSc student scholarship. We are thankful for the data provided by NatureServe in collaboration with Robert Ridgely, James Zook, The Nature Conservancy–Migratory Bird Program, Conservation International–CABS, World Wildlife Fund (US), and Environment Canada–WILDSPACE. Also, we are deeply indebted to Alvino Pantoja for field assistance, to Darren Norris for improvements of a previous English version, and to Luis Fabio Silveira and two anonymous referees for comments on the manuscript.

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